Ibsens Roles Essay examples - 1335 Words

The movement from nineteenth-century Romanticism to twentieth-century Realism in art and literature sought to accurately reflect real life instead of idealizing it. Playwrights all over Europe and America rebelled against the established standards of a quot;well-made playquot;. They shocked, as well as horrified their audience, by abstaining from writing a resolution, or an quot;ideal endingquot; in their plays. These innovators insisted on presenting social issues in a dramatic scenario, and imposed their discussions onto their audience. Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen, the quot;Father of Realismquot; was one of the main advocates for social revolution. He was notorious for weaving controversial topics into his plays, as well as†¦show more content†¦After all, society has forever reminded women that the well-being of their family is directly related to how well they deal with their duties as mothers and wives. Torvald asks, quot;Arenamp;#8217;t they your duties[the most s acred] to your husband and children?quot; He dismisses the importance of a womanamp;#8217;s duties to herself. He believes that women do not need to live for themselves, but must make sure to make life comfortable for the rest of their family. He also goes on to say that quot;almost everyone who goes bad early in life has a mother whoamp;#8217;s a chronic liarquot; Having said this, it is evident that Torvald shuns the liability that comes with parenting, and imposes it all on Nora. The mother is solely responsible if her child turns out to be a nuisance to society later on in life. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ibsen tells his readers that if a woman fails to recognize her own needs, she will remain stagnant in a doll-child existence. Noraamp;#8217;s constant need to please her husband has hindered her development as an independent being. Her marriage quot;is that of a charming child to a parent, and not one of equals. Nora remains an innocent child, who always assumes that Torvald, her father figure, is infallible. This self-abnegation is actually harming her because believing every truth that Torvald proclaims deters her from acquiring the knowledge she needs to be her own person.Show MoreRelatedGender Roles Of A Doll House By Henrik Ibsen1706 Words   |  7 PagesGender roles in dramatic works have seen as polarizing and stereotypical since the beginning of dramatic theatre. During the Greek festival of Dionysia, Greek male actors would don masks and other adornments, portraying male and female characters in performances. The female characters were typically wri tten as mothers or wives, exhibiting flaws that made them inferior to their male counterparts. Aristophanes broke this trend with his feminist driven comedy Lysistrata. The Greek playwright built complicatedRead MoreGender Roles Equal Inequality A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen536 Words   |  2 Pages Beauty models, movie stars, and music artists have become role models for thousands of people despite submitting to gender roles and stereotypes. Even though some teens may believe that they are immune to the presence of these gender roles, the media, society, their cultural beliefs, and their peers are capable of influencing them into changing their opinions and life choices. An example of this is how Nora is treated like a doll and a child by her husband and blindly accepts the life that societyRead MoreRoles of Characters in Henrik Ibsen ´s A Doll ´s House Essay710 Words   |  3 PagesReading Henrik Ibsen’s â€Å" A doll’s house† it proves that t he writer puts importance on the characters and the roles they play in the stories. The main characters in this story pretend more to be someone else than who reader would prefer them instead of being their true selves. The one person whose character highly stood out throughout the whole story and who’s role couldn’t do more justice than said in the story to point where to seems like she leads two different lives is none other than Nora. AccordingRead MoreWomen ´s Role in A Doll ´s House by Henrik Ibsen Essay675 Words   |  3 Pagessociety in â€Å"A Doll’s House† depict the female character’s roles. In â€Å"A Doll’s House†, Torvald and Nora each have a unique role in their marriage. Torvald treats Nora as his little doll, or plaything, while Nora treats him as the man of the house who has the authority to do anything he wants. These ideas form because the society within the play does not allow much freedom for women. According to this society and culture, a women’s role is depicted by the man she is with, the female character’sRead MoreInferior Role of a Married Woman Nora in a Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen2359 Words   |  10 PagesInferior Role of a Married Woman Nora in A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen Mengdan Shen Theatre and Drama 120 Section 319 Ashley Bellet December 9, 2015 Before the twentieth century’s feminism movement, European females suffered from their unfair and discriminated positions in marriage and in society. In his masterpiece A Doll’s House, Henrik Ibsen creates Nora, a housewife who is dependent financially and socially on her husband, Helmer. Ibsen uses Nora’s marriage to depict and embody theRead MoreA Doll’s House is a play written by Henrik Ibsen during the Victorian era that portrays the role of1000 Words   |  4 PagesA Doll’s House is a play written by Henrik Ibsen during the Victorian era that portrays the role of women at that time, not only in marriage but in society as well, the gender discrimination suffered quietly by the women and witnessed impassively by the men, and subsequently reflects on the attitude each gender has towards itself as well as towards the other gender. In this paper the following is discussed – how Nora became aware of this inequality and the oppression she face d in the course of theRead MoreThe Role Of Women During The Canterbury Tales By William Shakespeare And A Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1028 Words   |  5 PagesThe role of women in society has been well documented through world literature. â€Å"And the reality is that for a large bulk of human history, women have been treated as the subordinate to men and have not been given a voice†(David Splawn, 2015). Works such as The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, Hamlet by William Shakespeare,The Education of Women by Daniel Defoe, and A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen. These works come from a wide variety of time periods, they range from the middle ages to theRead MoreGender And Gender Roles Have Radically From The Time Henrick Ibsen s A Doll House1203 Words   |  5 Pages The idea of gender and gender roles have evolved minimally from the time Henrick Ibsen â€Å"A Doll House,† was first published. In the late 1800s, just before the beginning of the first wave of feminism in the United States and Europe, women were looking for ways to gain independence from their â€Å"duty† to marry a man, have children, and live a life to home and yearned for the freedom to choose what kind of lives they wanted to live, what they wanted to do, etc. In the beginning of the play, the viewsRead MoreNormally in a play the role of a supporting character is to either influence or as the name1000 Words   |  4 PagesNormally in a play the role of a supporting character is to either influence or as the name suggests support the main character. In the play, ‘A Doll House’, Mrs. Kristine Linde is one of these characters, who serves the most purposeful role in terms of plot development in the play as well as helps to transform the character growth. Mrs. Linde is introduced to the audience as an old friend of Nora’s, the protagonist. She is used to highlight Nora’s childish and egotistical characteristics contrastingRead MoreA W oman s Prison By Henrik Ibsen Essay1410 Words   |  6 PagesControversy came about over Nora’s role as an independent woman who makes her own decisions. The public’s immediate response to Ibsen’s play reflects the shift occurring within society, centered on gender roles and women’s place in the mid to late 19th century. Ibsen’s portrayal of women through Nora’s role explores the ideas of equality within marriage as well as women’s individualism and their role within society. Nora’s character acts as a catalyst for Ibsen to portray women’s standing as compared

Oedipus versus Madea - 675 Words

Oedipus vs. Madea Greek mythology is the body of myths and teachings concerning the gods, goddesses, and heroes, and the world. It was the religion in ancient Greece, and the only one that they likely practiced, similar to how we practice religion today. Myths are thought to be present so that we can understand the nature of what a myth is. An important function of myths is to maintain natural and social order. Although the creation myth begins with Chaos, the story works to provide a specific order to the universe, usually. After order is created within the cosmos, order is then brought to the lesser beings, or people. Medea, a mythological play is about Medea, whose husband, Jason, has married another woman, Glauke. Creon, Glaukes father, banishes Medea and her two sons from Corinth. Medea then wants revenge and thinks about a way ensue revenge on all of them. Medea convinces Creon to let her stay one more day in Corinth, which he allows because of his pity for Medeas two sons. Medea then secures a safe place to retreat to once shes committed the murders. Medea promises to cure King Aegeus’ of his sterility if he swears to give her safe harbor, he agrees, not knowing what her plot really entails.. Of course, she neglects to mention shes about to kill a bunch of people. Medea convinces Jason into believing that she is okay with his new marriage, asks him to allow her two sons the opportunity to stay in Corinth, he agrees. Medea gives Jason a gossamer gown

Prospects of Islamic Banking free essay sample

Bridges and Dr Simon Norton for their enlightening views on several issues. I dedicate my efforts to ‘Bhaijan’, who has always been the inspiration and my guide throughout my life. 4 Preface At present times, it would not be inappropriate to state that Muslims the world over face the dilemma that their religion, Islam, prohibits interest in stringent terms and aims at establishing an economy that is not only free from all forms and kinds of interest, but also from anything that bears any resemblance to it. The modern economy is heavily based and reliant on interest and it is hard to envisage any set of economic relations where interest does not play a part, whether directly or indirectly. Resolving the above-mentioned contradiction seems to be a challenge that Muslim intellectuals, bankers, industrialists, businessmen, policy-makers and ordinary consumers face. In a nutshell, this monograph seeks to provide an analysis of the workings and practices of Islamic banking industry and the products it offers; covering legal, political, social and economic issues as they relate to it. Chapter 1 commences by providing a rationale to the Islamic banking and outlining its historical journey, and ends with a discussion on the riba and its prohibition in Islam. Chapter 2 deals with the modes of Islamic finance, which certainly requires a detailed study, as it is these products that form the cornerstone of the entire Islamic banking industry. Shariah precepts are also introduced at this stage (and are discussed throughout this monograph), as they aid the process of comprehension. This chapter would also serve to introduce a discussion on Islamic Project Finance, dealt within the following chapter. Chapter 3 deals with Islamic Project Finance in practice, focussing on the legal and other economic issues as they relate to Shariah-Related Documentation, Construction and Lease Financing and Islamic Bonds. Chapter 4 consists of two case-studies, highlighting the Common law developments in Shariah law, as it relates to the Islamic banking industry. Two recent judgments (one from UK and another from Pakistan) are specifically perused, reflecting the stance that the judiciary in the two countries have adopted towards Islamic precepts, its interpretation and application. Chapter 5 raises issues relating to structuring and offering of Shariah-Compliant investment products. In particular, focussing on the role of financial institutions, fund promoters and Shariah advisors. The chapter concludes by providing a comparative analysis on the legal issues linked to the marketing of Islamic investment products in different jurisdictions. Chapter 6 provides an insight to the regulatory and supervisory practices of Islamic banking in various countries. Obstacles faced by the Islamic banking industry in their progress as regards their set up in interest-based banking jurisdictions is further addressed, which is supplemented by a case study on the regulatory issues of Islamic banks in India. 5 Chapter 7 is meant to be general, and briefly discusses the lessons that Conventional and Islamic banks can learn from each other, addressing issues such as the effect of technology transfer and the Bank-Client relationship, which would ultimately lead to the progress of one another. Chapter 8 concludes this monograph. It ascertains the merits of introducing Islamic banking globally. Reforms and suggestions for the Islamic banks are also appended to this chapter, together with a few conclusive remarks on the subject. It is aspired that this work will be a positive contribution on the subject of Islamic banking and its practices. Suggestions and criticisms are solely intended to enhance the progress of this relatively nascent banking industry, which has undoubtedly shown major signs of progress. 6 Glossary of Arabic Terms This section explains some of the Arabic words and terms, most of them appearing in this study, whereas others might relate to them and would thus be of interest to the reader. Allah is Arabic for God. Fatawa (singular. Fatwa) are legal decisions or opinions rendered by a qualified religious leader (mufti). Fiqh is Islamic Jurisprudence, the science of religious law, which is the interpretation of the sacred Law, Shariah. Gharar is uncertainty, speculation. Hadith (plural. ahadith) is the technical term for the source related to the Sunna; the sayings- and doings- of the Prophet Mohammed (pbuh), his traditions. Halal means permitted according to the Shariah. Haram means forbidden according to the Shariah. Jualah is the stipulated price (commission) for performing any service. Maysir mean gambling, from a pre-Islamic game of hazard. Muslim is on who professes the faith of Islam or is born to a Muslim family. Qard Hasan is a benevolent loan (interest-free). Qiyas means analogical deduction. Quran is the Holy book, the revealed word of God, followed by all Muslims. Riba is literally excess or increase, and covers both interest and usury. Shariah is Islamic religious law derived from the Holy Quran and the Sunna Shirka (or Sharika) is a society or partnership. Surah is a chapter of the Holy Quran. Takaful refers to mutual support, which is the basis of the concept of insurance or solidarity among Muslims. Umma means the community; the body of Muslims. Waqf is a trust or pious foundation. Zakat is a religious levy or almsgiving as required in the Holy Quran and is one of the Islam’s five pillars. (Courtesy: Lewis Algaoud, Islamic Banking, Edward Elgar, 2001, Glossary, x, xi. ) 7 Chapter 1 Introduction and the Basis of Islamic Banking A. Rationale from an Islamic perspective It is argued by proponents of the Islamic banking that in today’s world, the economic system that is based on interest has resulted in concentrating the wealth in the hands of selected few, creating monopolies and further widening the gap between the affluent and the poor. Islamic finance operates in compliance with the Shariah law. Islam is not anti-commerce (the Prophet Mohammad was himself a merchant). In contrast to the modern Western principles and philosophy, Islam encourages circulation of wealth and considers its role as vital to an economy. As Dr Usmani notes in his book, â€Å"just as clotting of blood paralyzes human body, concentration of wealth paralyzes economy. The fact that, today ten richest men in the world have more wealth than forty-eight poorest countries of the world is relied by the supporters of the Islamic banking as a testament to the fact that the current economical set up is unjust and has failed to distribute the wealth proportionately, thus leading to the downfall of humanity. 1 On considering the injunctions of the Holy Quran, it is apparent that the system of distribution of wealth laid down by Islam envisages three objects, namely: (a) The establishment of a practicable system of economy. (b) Enabling every one to obtain, what is rightfully due to them. c) Eradicating the concentration of wealth. The traditional concept of Muslims that Islam is a unique way of life distinct from all other isms and ideologies extends to the economic life of the Muslims (Umma). In the process of reshaping the economy, the areas of money, banking and investment are regarded as extremely vital to the process of Islamisation of the economy. The Islamic emphasis on co-operation as the key concept in economic life has led to reliance on profit-sharing and participation as the alternative bases for banking and investments in the Islamic framework. The concept of Islamic banking is regarded as one of the few original and creative Islamic ideas that have been successfully tried in recent times. In the not too distant past, the entire banking system in all Muslim countries was designed on the Western banking model; the latter being inconsistent with Islamic law primarily due to the disapproval of Ri ba (i. e. interest) in Islam. In other words, the elimination of Riba 1 Meezan Bank’s Guide to Islamic Banking by Dr Muhammad Imran Ashraf Usmani, Preface, page 7, Darul-Ishaat, 2002. 2 Issues in Islamic Banking, Selected Papers by M. N. Siddiqi, page 9, Preface, 1983. 8 from financial transactions is the raison d’etre of Islamic Banking3. Attempts to avoid dealing in interest led to the introduction of a non-interest based banking system, commonly termed as â€Å"Islamic banking†. McDowall notes that Islamic banking not only provides services that are compliant in terms of the Muslim faith, but through the fundamental concept of profit and loss sharing with their customers, deliver a highly ethical proposition to Conventional banking. As Islamic banking offers services to its customers free from interest, any dealing or transaction that involves interest is seen as erroneous and thus forbidden. Technically, riba refers to the addition in the principal amount of a loan, which the lender receives from the borrower. This deliberately simplified picture of the true complex state of affairs is something I shall return to in the following chapter in detail. B. History The Islamic financial system has a centuries-old history, as noted by Chapra and Khan (2000): From the very early stage in Islamic history, Muslims were able to establish a financial system without interest for mobilising resources to finance productive activities and consumer needs. The system worked quite effectively during the heyday of Islamic civilisation and for centuries thereafter. † However, over the centuries, the centre of economic gravity inclined towards the Western world, and the Western financial institutions (including banks) became dominant and the Islamic tradition remained dormant. 5 The Muslim society never approbated interest; throughout the thirteen enturies of its history prior to domination by imperialist powers, it managed its economy and carried on domestic and international trade without any involvement of interest. Profit – sharing and different kinds of participation arrangements served as adequate basis for savings and investment and considerable capital was mobilised for mining, shipbuilding, marine trade, textiles and other industries. 6 The issue of interest free banking regained the attention of Muslim intellectuals in the 1940’s and 1950’s. By this time, numerous local and national banks were establish ed along the lines of interest-based foreign banks. By this time, the government of Muslim countries, in particular, those who gained political independence, found themselves compelled to engage in international financial transactions using banking systems. The necessity for commercial banking was realised.

Creating Collaborative Organization Persist - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Would you consider paying each partner a salary that reflected their expertise, experience or ability to generate business for partnership? If so, how would you determine the impact of such factors on salary of each partner? Answer: Yes, salary will be paid to partners as it will provide a tax benefit to partnership business as well as it will provide motivation to partners to work effectively for the betterment of business and self. Organizations are likely to choose partnership as business structure as it adds shared value through mutual efforts. However, organizations might have diverse frameworks and strategies, for this aspect they can operate together to achieve their common objectives and shared goals. A partnership is considered as a relationship of give-and-take which can thereby reinforce the ability of the organization to ensure long-term collaboration and support. In order to accomplish potential partnerships benefit, organizations are required to be prepared in every aspect (Bushe, 2017). While providing a salary of partners, various factors will be considered such as expertise, experience and ability to generate business for partnership. Impact of these factors of the salary of partner is enumerated as below: Job experience: It is essential to thoroughly document experiences when it comes to the skills and knowledge an individual is searching to obtain, the high experience can increase the range of job types. Extraordinary experience may result in out of range payment; it may also result in lack of job offers due to over-qualification (Katzenbach and Smith, 2015). If one partner is having experience of 10 years in the industry while other is having 2-year experience, then it will not be fair to have equal pay. Further; experience partner can provide significant advantages to business in terms of strategies and provide contacts, and same will assist in increasing profit of the business. Location: Geography has an important role in the pay-scale, and also makes 100 percent difference in job offers. it might not be considered that pay in highest dollars is the best, but one must consider the living cost while determining how much a salary is really worth. Due to this factor; salary will be decided by considering opportunity cost and living cost of the area in which business operates. Salary History:The payment offered in the previous jobs sets the stage for what will be offered in the new business, it can be positive or negative. It is a part where individuals are searching for career opportunities might consider themselves as over-compensated and unqualified for positions they look for due to previously earned salaries (Bilodeau and et al., 2017). Thus partners will be paid higher in comparison to their previous salaries so they can be satisfied with their job and pay status. Educational Attainment: Often partnership demand high-education and experience, and those who surpass them can get high compensations as compared to those who dont. Pulling things together, the institution that confers degree does matter, as it tells how much they earn. Certifications held: In a situation where certification is relevant to the position, recent documentation can increase pay between partners. For the individuals competing for a position in the partnership business, certifications can assist in employing owners that distinguish between the good and best ones (Ennis and Semple, 2016). Some of the organizations realize and compensate on the basis certification directly and clearly, the mainstream considers credentials, but their position in salary computations is infrequently transparent. Demonstrate soft skills: Best partners are those who track with records and prove their abilities to act and work effectively. Along with this, they are able to manage themselves as well as other people and complex projects. Furthermore, a well-certificated record is a great key to demonstrate the high development of soft skills. Publications, honours, awards: Individuals been published in their positions, or have gained rewards or honours from high societies or relations can provide further skills, accomplishments and knowledge. This factor can provide goodwill to partnership business, and partner will get paid for the same (Katzenbach and Smith, 2015). This can assist in distinguishing among good, immense or job promotion applicants. This value is predominantly based on prestige. Thus it will not makes any huge difference in salary. Employee Tenure and Performance: Conventionally, a partner pay increase with the years of knowledge, experience and services, as their progress is regarded with more dependency and effectiveness. Although, the rapid increase in demand in the global economy higher the productivity level, the pay system of the organization can also help in improving their performance. For most of the partners, the main goal is to combine the compensation and rewards schemes with strategic initiatives about customers, development and profitability, to become highly competitive in the market. By considering above described factors salary of partners will be determined to ensure fair remuneration strategy in business. References Bilodeau, A., Galarneau, M., Fournier, M.D., Potvin, L., Sncal, G. and Bernier, J., 2017. Self-Evaluation Tool for Action in Partnership. Bushe, G.R., 2017. Creating collaborative organizations that can persist: The partnership principle.OD Practitioner,49(3), pp.23-29. Ennis, C. and Semple, A.L., 2016. Modeling partnerships: Exploring a whole of region approach to partnership development and management. InThe Gold Sponsor of the ACEN 2016 Conference was Intersective, supporting work-integrated learning in Australia(p. 166). Katzenbach, J.R. and Smith, D.K., 2015.The wisdom of teams: Creating the high-performance organization. Harvard Business Review Press.

Differences in Languages between Arabic and English

ESL learners encounter many challenges in college writing. Nearly everyone is aware that students’ native language often affects their learning of the target language, English. However, not everyone can actually recognize the extent at which first language (Arabic) may have impact on the students’ second language.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Differences in Languages between Arabic and English specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The teachers should have the ability to study the other language to comprehend the reason why students are creating certain mistakes. During learning English, there are some regular errors students make while writing. This paper will discuss some of these challenges which I have experience while learning and how students can solve these issues. Run-on sentences Endlessly, most learners whose native language is Arabic always write continuous sentences with no full tops and in finite commas. The teachers may correct them but they will end up repeating. Arabic writing rules permits run-on sentences; hence there is no mistake in writing them. Most journals and news papers have run-on sentences and readers can follow these sentences without confusion. Therefore, the students should be informed that it is confusing for English learners to write endless sentences, unlike Arabic (Ellis 4). The teachers should provide them with solutions on how to tackle such issues through the use of periods, commas and connectors. Redundancy Just like run-on sentences, repetition of synonyms in one sentence is permitted and encouraged in Arabic languages since it shows the writers’ fluency and stresses the ideas. Some learners can have few vocabularies and sometimes repeat terms such as â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† all through the paper for instance. For this case, students should be provided with synonyms example so that they should use them in their essay (Ellis 7). The teachers should assist the learners with the good writing skills or patterns while understanding that they are changing writing and thinking patterns also rather than being irritated on the repetition of endless sentences by the students. To reduce the learners’ redundancy, they should be provided editing assignments to work on creating shorter sentences without repetition. Arabish A sentence like this may be confusing, â€Å"malaria does not spread through greetings with hand,† and it need proper rendering. This example of a sentence makes logical sense in Arabic writing but not in sense; the writer attempt to say that malaria does not caused by handshakes and greetings.Advertising Looking for essay on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The term â€Å"greetings† in Arabic is just same as the word â€Å"peace† so the writer simply used it. Some students are likely to plainly r ender this sentence from their native language to English. Such difficulties might not be solved in one instance as the learner requires exercising and reading a lot. Generating an excellent English foundation to express themselves at the same time the teacher should provide readings to the students while working one on one with student to help in translating Arabic in English language. Punctuation Most ESL students who possess Arabic background often have difficulty with punctuation. Arabic language has minimal restrictions in the use of commas and periods than English (Wahba 257). Accordingly, several learners use endless sum of commas in their second language run-on sentences. While semi-colons, nearly, does not exist and exclamation marks are very frequently used while writing English sentences. Therefore, there is essential for students to learn the use of punctuation in different sessions and relate the rules in editing exercises up to the time they are perfect. Writing organi zation The expressions like â€Å"Topic sentence,† â€Å"No new ideas in the conclusion† and â€Å"Thesis† are all entirely strange to Arabic writing (Ellis 7). The circular way of writing in English essay is differentiated with a linear example in Arabic essay where there is introduction of fresh ideas in the conclusion. Noticeably, the teacher for this instance should have the ability to develop new sequences in the learners’ minds and identify the dissimilarity between English and Arabic writing. English writing starts from left to right which is the opposite to that of Arabic writing. While writing, Arabic is performed in cursive, the structure of the letter changes at the time they are occurring alone, in the start, middle, or the last part of the word (Ellis 7). The above challenges discussed which are experienced by ESL students whose first language is Arabic may be reduced and even removed with reading English, editing exercises, and through the t eacher who is assistive and understanding the difficulties of writing the second language. Several mistakes are encountered when students over apply the native language.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Differences in Languages between Arabic and English specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Students should be encouraged to speak English always, at school and home, so that they reduce the errors because of negative first language transfer, but they should also learn more about the convections and rules of writing. Arabic language is similar to any other language, hard in some aspects and easy in other aspects, relying on the backgrounds of the readers or learners, and capability to cope with new rules. In addition, a person who has ability to speak more than one language has high likelihood to understand it easier, since the person’s brain has the capacity to cope with new vocabulary and rules. Works Cited Elli s, N C. â€Å"Language acquisition as rational contingency learning.† Applied Linguistics (2006): 28(1), 2-23. Print. Wahba, Kassem. Handbook for Arabic language teaching professionals in the 21st century. London: Routledge, 2006. Print. This essay on Differences in Languages between Arabic and English was written and submitted by user Cristopher Butler to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Lizzie Borden Essays - American Folklore, Axe Murder, Lizzie Borden

Lizzie Borden Essays - American Folklore, Axe Murder, Lizzie Borden Lizzie Borden L I z z I e B o r d e n A little over a century ago a gruesome double murder was committed, in the 2- story house at 92 Second Street, in Fall River, Massachusetts. This crime shocked the nation as Lizzie Borden, a 32-year-old Sunday school teacher, went on trial for the murder of her father and her stepmother. An all male jury eventually acquitted her on the accusations. To this day, the murderer of Andrew J. Borden and Abby Gray Borden is still unknown, but in the public mind everyone believes it was Lizzie Borden. Lizzie was born and grew up in Fall River, Mass. She was the youngest daughter of Andrew Jackson Borden, who was a very successful Banker and Sarah Morse Borden. Sarah died when Lizzie was very young and Andrew then married Abby Durfee Gray. Lizzie grew up with an elder sister, Emma. Neither of them has ever married. The sisters hated their stepmother, mainly because of the familys inferior social position. On the day of August 4, 1892, the bodies of Andrew Borden and his wife were found mutilated. As opposed to 40 whacks, in the popular rhyme, 19 blows struck Abby Borden by a hatchet or axe to the back of her head and neck. At the time she was cleaning the guestroom of the family home, at 9:30 am. Andrew Borden, who had returned home around 10:30 am, after his daily business had been attended to, was either napping or reading the newspaper on a couch in the parlor, when he was attacked. 11 blows were rained upon Mr. Borden's head and face, to the point that one eye hung from its socket upon his cheek, and his close friend and physician, Dr. Bowen, couldnt recognize him. There were only two people in or about the house at the time of the killings, Lizzie Andrew Borden and Bridget Sullivan, the Borden's maid. There is some speculation as to others that may have been responsible for these heinous acts. Among the other alleged killers are John Morse, the brother of Andrew's first wife, a secret lover Lizzie was said to have, though never named, Emma Borden, Lizzie's elder sister, and William Borden, who, while legally Andrew's second cousin, was rumored to really be his illegitimate son. Soon after the murders, Lizzie emerged as the prime suspect after John Morses alibi checked out. She then was arrested and tried on three counts, the murder of Abbey, of Andrew, and of them both and, if found guilty, faced death by hanging. Six days after the murders occurred, she went to court. The all-male jury was put into a difficult position. It was the Victorian Era where women were considered delicate flowers and not capable of killing someone and it was not a common or working class woman they were to judge guilty or innocent, it was a wealthy society lady. After only an hour of deliberating, the jury declared Lizzie to be not guilty. It is said it only took them 15 minutes to decide, but out of respect for the prosecution, they waited another 45 minutes before they informed the court of their decision. What makes the Fall River murders so perplexing is that the motive, the weapon and the opportunity for such a crime are all seemingly absent. When the Fall River constabulary investigated the murders, they found no money or jewelry missing, not even small amounts of change or the packet of bus tickets as were taken in the daytime break-in at the Borden home twelve months earlier. Later, Prosecuting Attorney Knowlton hired a machinist who spent two days cracking open Andrew Borden's safe in hopes of finding a missing will disinheriting both daughters. But Borden died intestate, leaving Lizzie and Emma to inherit his entire fortune. Besides the lack of a clear motive for the murders, there was also the disconcerting lack of opportunity. Fall River found the entire Borden house locked up as usual, and during the two-and-a-half-hour period in which both murders were completed, the maid Bridget was outside the house washing windows and daughter Lizzie was inside the house reading a magazine. Even if one of the two committed the crime,

MANAGEMENT FOR CLINICIANS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MANAGEMENT FOR CLINICIANS - Essay Example asks that the healthcare industry re-align itself in such a way as to provide a team that is multi-disciplinary and works together for the good of the patient, that care become more patient centered, and an effort to determine how to use clinical support staff in such a way as to reduce the pressure on the healthcare professionals that are already overwhelmed (Garling report, 2008). This paper will discuss recommendations made by the commission and how shared patient centered care teams can provide much needed care. The patient provider relationship has been changing for some time and with new initiatives will continue to change. Today healthcare is electronic and highly regulated and healthcare workers are faced with increased amounts of accountability in their practice. Consumers are more interested in becoming part of their own healthcare and are reasonably able to contribute when that option is available (Smith, & Barefiled, 2007),. The shortage of professionals in healthcare is not expected to get better anytime soon and may, in fact, get worse. Every possibility of expanding the methods we presently use in supporting those professionals becomes important. This is the time for true patient centered care. This is a growing trend and empowers healthcare consumers and their families with the adaption of patient centered initiatives. Caring Together has determined to create a focus on the patient. In doing that, they have set a goal to make healthcare more efficient as well as more sustainable. They have clearly stated that â€Å"everything must be about the patient.† (Caring Together, pg. 5). This has not been true in the last few years as the amount of paperwork grows and the supervision of support staff has waned. Now, however, is the time to move forward and solve these problems for the betterment of patient care. According to Smith and Barefield (2007), there are seven aspects of patient centered care. Those include, respect for patient’s values,

Impact Of Cultural Intelligence On Job Performance Coursework

Impact Of Cultural Intelligence On Job Performance - Coursework Example In addition to CQ studies also focused on organizational perspective. Cultural intelligence can be explained on organizational perspective. Organizational cultural intelligence is the capability of an organization to function and manage successfully in the host diversified culture, Koen. Organizational cultural intelligence reflects how responsive organizations are and how they work in the cross-cultural environment. Organization CQ helps firms to effectively adjust in the diversified environment and achieve organizational goals. Based on different theories of cultural intelligence, irrespective of their focus on domestic culture or multinational cultural perspectives relating to diversity in companies; research suggests that cultural intelligence and be developed or learned through education, training, interaction. Furthermore, research findings also show that higher level of cultural intelligence can be achieved by working on different cultures. Therefore, employees can improve CQ by proper learning and exposure to different culture. Furthermore, motivation is the important factor for improving CQ because the role of motivation in improving CQ involves personal and cultural values of employees Mol, Tulder, & Beige. Personal and cultural values establish the general benchmark for employees to access their perceived desirability of different outcomes and actions. Efficacy and expectation also play their role by providing the ability to set individual goals and achieve those goals.

Formal Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Formal Report - Essay Example Even the health industry has transformed itself and treating diseases that were considered fatal in the past. Robotic surgeries have also made their space on the surgery schedule boards in hospitals around the world. A procedure that could once only be imagined for a sci-fi adventure has now become a reality. This extensive inclusion of technology that would have raised eyebrows in the past is being accepted and adopted by doctors around the world as a competitive advantage in hospitals. It was only a matter of time that the increasing trend of medical advancement and equipment technology would lead us to the point where we risk our lives in the hands of a robot. The robot, being controlled by a surgeon, performs the procedure on the patient. The surgeon might be located a few blocks away or across a couple of oceans. The revolutionary step in the field of health sciences has attracted many; however, it is still not free from risks and reservations. Just like any other invention in i ts initiation phase, robotic surgeries need to take few more steps to ensure minimal risks and dangers for the patients. 1. Introduction The robotic technology, that started with making small machines perform interesting stunts or house chores, have been given a more creditable status in the medical field since they are being used to save human lives. The initiation of the idea of letting robotic arms and other components come in contact with the patient, rather than the surgeon, initiated in 1980s. The innovative concept attracted the technologists in the industry and thus gave way to surgeons being miles away from the physical location of the operation and relying on technology to maintain connection from the surgeon to the robot that operates on the patient. The state of the art surgical procedure is being commonly known as, ‘Da Vinci Surgery’; this name has been given by the manufacturers of this innovative robot technology, Intuitive Surgical Inc. The company, Intu itive Surgical Inc (2013) explained that the name is kept after the inventive artist for his passion for human anatomy and automation in the 1450s. Leonardo Da Vinci is known to design the first robot of its kind in 1495 which was discovered hundreds of years later in 1950s. Leddy, Lendvay and Satava (2010) gave valuable information about the initiation of the idea of such a risky mode of treatment where the surgeon cannot control the consequences of any atypical scenario; robotic surgeries were initially aimed to perform remote surgeries in the battlefield to ensure immediate treatment to soldiers. The robotic equipment was mounted on the top of the vehicles and surgeons were expected to perform the surgery with the aid of the robotic arm while sitting in their own comfortable space. These authors defined it as the surgical procedure that separates the surgeon from the patient by adding a robotic device in the middle of them. With the passage of time, the concept made its way in th e civilian territory and started being used for commercial treatment. The passive role of medical equipment and technological devices has been transformed into a major one in an operating room. A diverse range of procedures are now being performed with robots being the direct contact with the patients, namely gynecological and urological procedures and many mores. 2. Research Quality and Patient Safety Division: Commonwealth of Massachusetts Board of Registration in Medicine. (2013) stated that robotic surgeries have started becoming

Gladiator Movie Summary Essay

Gladiator Movie Summary Essay In the film Gladiator, Marcus Aurelius the Emperor of Rome chooses the victorious general Maximus Decimus Meridias instead of his own son Commodus to be his heir. Due to the lack of power Commodus was given, he condemned Maximus and his family to death. Commodus could not take the fact that his father did not choose him over Maximus so he decided to end his life by strangling him. Since Marcus Aurelius was dead, there was no possible way for rest of Rome to find out what his true dieing wishes were. Commodus made it perfectly clear to everyone that his father wanted him to take over after he passed away, because he knew people would believe him rather than Maximus. Maximus was unable to save his wife and sons life, since Commodus got to Spain first. Once he witnessed their dead bodies hanging, back in Spain, he fainted which caused him to be captured. Once Maximus was taken into slavery, he was being trained as a gladiator by Proximo. Maximus had a strong hope that one day he would b e able to escape and finally get his revenge on Commodus. Maximus wanted to take the name as Emperor away from Commodus, just as Marcus Aurelius wished, just as much as he wanted to see his family again. Under the rule of Commodus, Rome called Proximos troupe to participate in battles. While they were in Rome, Maximus plotted a plan to overthrow the emperor, with the help of his former-love Lucilla, Commodus sister. While Maximus was tied up, Commodus paid a visit and not only invited Maximus to a match between the two of them, but he stabbed him in the side, without anyone knowing. During their intense battle, Maximus was able to stab and kill Commodus, but died shortly after due to the stabbing that took place before the battle. Before the battles, they would say strength and honour to each other, for encouragement. Before Maximus escape, the other men said that quote to him to give him more strength and to reassure him that everything would be alright. Maximus said that 2000 of his men will not leave the battle, meaning they will fight to the death for Rome. Maximus tells Quintus to promise him that he will look after his family. Quintus totally went against Maximus by said he would be able to look after his own family in the after life. As in, they would all be killed. When Maximus was captured after fainting, he was being held as a slave, and Commodus sister Lucilla went to visit him. Commodus sister Lucilla risked a lot, in order to help Maximus escape his new life as a slave. Commodus was giving Lucius a history lesson right in front of Lucilla purposely. He tampered with the actual story, in order to be able to refer it to her disloyalty towards him. His story led them both to tears. Commodus stabbed Maximus while his arms were tied up, right before their fight, and he told him to smile for him now. After Maximus killed Commodus he told Quintus to free all of the slaves. Shortly after, he died and joined his family where they were waiting for him in heaven, just as that man had told him they would be. A man had told Maximus that he would see his wife and son one day, but not yet. After Maximus died, that man went up to the ground where he was buried. Areas of Focus Assignment Characters MaximusÂÂ  Decimus Meridius : Maximus was Romes greatest and most powerful general and warrior. Everybody honoured Maximus, including the Prince. He joined the army at the young age of 17 and grew to become an excellent fighter. His role in the movie was mostly based on his strength and power, but it did show his sweet side, towards his wife Cecilia. Maximus was asked by Marcus Aurelius to be named the next Caesar after his death, instead of his son Commodus. Marcus Aurelius was killed before he could tell anyone else about his request for Maximus. Maximus was later arrested by the guards, but returned home to find his family hung. Due to his exhaustion and suffering mentally and physically, Maximus fainted and was taken by thieves. The only desire that fuels him now is the chance to rise to the top so that he will be able to look into the eyes of the man who will feel his revenge. (Chris Morphy Terry, 2009). He was sold to the old gladiator Proximo, who gave him the name The Sp ainiard. After escaping, his fame came to be due to the many battles he fought, in stadiums all over the Roman world. Maximus died in the Colosseum, right after killing Commodus. His wish to have Rome return to a democracy was honoured. Commodus : Commodus was so sure that he would become emperor of Rome after his father Marcus Aurelius died, but his father told him that he wanted to give his reign to Maximus. After learning this, Commodus lost all control and strangled his father to death. Even though his father wanted to have Maximus as emperor after him, Commodus took over since he killed his father and no one would be able to find out his true wishes. He was later killed by Maximus during their battle in the Colosseum. Proximo : Proximo purchased Maximus when he was being sold as a slave by the thieves. Proximo tells Maximus, Win the crowd Spaniard. and perhaps you shall win your freedom. (ÂÂ  Jlhurtado, 2009). Costumes / Modes of Transportation The movie was set back in the medieval age time period. Times were very different back then and this film proves that. Their modes of transportation were mostly by the horse and chariot, if they were not walking to their destination. The warriors used heavy equipment in order to protect themselves from their rivalry during battles. Every single person who went into battle wore some form of protection. Some of the warriors costumes consisted of helmets, shoulder and chest pads, armor, and shields. Some of the warriors weapons that were used during a battle were spears, archery, knives, and swords. The battles that were held in these sporting event arenas were not only man versus man battles, but also man versus animal. Depending on the type of battle that was about to take place, the costumes they wore would vary. Setting The Colosseum was a famous amphitheatre which was built to hold blood sport games, which also allowed for many spectators to watch while sitting in the encircling stands. Gladiatorial combats were the main eventÂÂ  at the Colosseum and the events were usually held in the early evening. These stadiums set social control since they were indiscriminate. Whenever there was any public show, the first row of seats should be saved for senators, although these arrangements were not strongly enforced. There was not only man versus man battles but also man versus animal. The large audience enjoyed watching both and found them just as interesting as the other. Not every fight happened in a building, some of the gladiator fights took place in a forest. These battles that were fought were not only to gain power for one man, but for many people who went to watch these battles, they were seen as a form of entertainment.

Required classes for college students Essay -- essays research papers

"Open Your Eyes" Open your eyes, clean out your ears, sit down and listen, straighten your back, keep your head forward and be ready to have an open mind? Having an open mind is a good quality to have while experiencing different situations that you may encounter. People have many different opinions and ideas which they are expressing in today's society. College is another step along the journey of life that a select few will experience. College should be first priority on everybody's agenda in order to be successful in this struggling world. People need education outside of their own studies to broaden their horizons. People are sometimes stuck in their own "little world" and do not realize the important factors of life. Hopefully, college students will realize the importance of the classes which they are taking in college courses, and that the classes have meaning. Students may not understand the meaning of these required classes at the time which they are required, but someday t! hey may understand. College students may think basic required classes is just busy work, wasted time, and a waste of their money. There is another intention to why these classes are required. Imagine that you are the Vice President of a well known company while sitting there in a meeting with the President of the same company and all of your coworkers. Somebody says to you Mr. VP, what do you think about the Checks and Balances of our American Government? What is Mr. VP ...

My Aim in Life

There are two things to aim at in life: first, to get what you want, and after that to enjoy it. Only the wisest of mankind achieve the second. Logan P. Smith People have set their own aim depending upon their abilities. Some people are doctors, engineers, Charter Accountants, pilots, teachers and many more. Our life is too short so we have to strive to attain our aim with all our hard work. The main objective for achieving the aim is to get material pleasures, mental happiness as well as satisfaction. Once a person chives his aim he can live a prosperous life.The mere act of aiming at something big, makes you big. Charcoal Nehru My aim in life is neither to collect money nor for fame. It is my desire to become a well-qualified doctor. I do not just wish to be an ordinary doctor. The world remembers with thankfulness the name of the man who gave to the world vaccination. The world will remember forever the man who gave us penicillin. As a doctor I want to serve the humanity. Don't ai m for success if you want it; just do what you love and believe in, and it will come naturally.David Frost have an ambition to do something in this world so, great as the doctors and the courageous founders did in the past. I would like to give the world some new drugs and injections that will cure some of the diseases that people are still suffering from. An aim in life is the only fortune worth finding. Robert Louis Stevenson know, my profession is very dignified and it will help me to get peace and satisfaction in life. It provides us best chances of service. Sympathy to human being is the sympathy to one own self. Quotations About this essay. Future favors the bold.An early death is better than an aimless life. A noble aim is simply a noble deed. My goal in life is to survive. Everything else is just a bonus. The greater danger for most of us lies not in setting our aim too high and falling short; but in setting our aim too low, and achieving our mark. Michelangelo The aim of ar t is to represent not the outward appearance of things, but their inward significance. Aristotle. Aim above morality. Be not simply good, be good for something. My Aim in Life There are two things to aim at in life: first, to get what you want, and after that to enjoy it. Only the wisest of mankind achieve the second. Logan P. Smith People have set their own aim depending upon their abilities. Some people are doctors, engineers, Charter Accountants, pilots, teachers and many more. Our life is too short so we have to strive to attain our aim with all our hard work. The main objective for achieving the aim is to get material pleasures, mental happiness as well as satisfaction. Once a person chives his aim he can live a prosperous life.The mere act of aiming at something big, makes you big. Charcoal Nehru My aim in life is neither to collect money nor for fame. It is my desire to become a well-qualified doctor. I do not just wish to be an ordinary doctor. The world remembers with thankfulness the name of the man who gave to the world vaccination. The world will remember forever the man who gave us penicillin. As a doctor I want to serve the humanity. Don't ai m for success if you want it; just do what you love and believe in, and it will come naturally.David Frost have an ambition to do something in this world so, great as the doctors and the courageous founders did in the past. I would like to give the world some new drugs and injections that will cure some of the diseases that people are still suffering from. An aim in life is the only fortune worth finding. Robert Louis Stevenson know, my profession is very dignified and it will help me to get peace and satisfaction in life. It provides us best chances of service. Sympathy to human being is the sympathy to one own self. Quotations About this essay. Future favors the bold.An early death is better than an aimless life. A noble aim is simply a noble deed. My goal in life is to survive. Everything else is just a bonus. The greater danger for most of us lies not in setting our aim too high and falling short; but in setting our aim too low, and achieving our mark. Michelangelo The aim of ar t is to represent not the outward appearance of things, but their inward significance. Aristotle. Aim above morality. Be not simply good, be good for something. My Aim in Life ARTICLE IN PRESS Microbiological Research 161 (2006) 93—101 www. elsevier. de/micres Changes in microbial and soil properties following amendment with treated and untreated olive mill wastewater Ali Mekki, Abdelha? dh Dhouib, Sami SayadiA Laboratoire des Bioprocedes,Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, BP: ‘‘K’’ 3038 Sfax, Tunisie ? ? Received 8 June 2005; accepted 15 June 2005 KEYWORDS Microbial community; Olive mill wastewater; Polyphenols; Soil respiration Summary We investigated the effect of untreated and biologically treated olive mill wastewater (OMW) spreading on the soil characteristics and the microbial communities.The water holding capacity, the salinity and the content of total organic carbon, humus, total nitrogen, phosphate and potassium increased when the spread amounts of the treated or untreated OMW increased. The OMW treated soil exhibited signi? cantly higher respiration compared to the control soil. However, the C-CO2/Ctot ratio decre ased from 1. 7 in the control soil to 0. 5 in the soil amended with 100 m3 haA1 of untreated OMW. However, it slightly decreased to 1. 15 in the soil amended with 400 m3 haA1 of treated OMW.The treated OMW increased the total mesophylic number while the number of fungi and nitri? ers decreased. Actinomycetes and spore-forming bacteria were neither sensitive to treated nor to untreated OMW. The total coliforms increased with higher doses of treated and untreated OMW. A toxic effect of the untreated OMW appeared from 100 m3 haA1. This toxicity was more signi? cant with 200 m3 haA1, where micro? ora of total mesophilic, yeasts and moulds, actinomycetes, and nitri? ers were seriously inhibited except for total coliforms and spore-forming bacteria. & 2005 Elsevier GmbH.All rights reserved. Introduction The olive mill wastewater (OMW) is a critical problem, especially in the Mediterranean area, where the olive cultivation is widespread and huge amounts of this ef? uent 30 millions m3 yA1 worldACorresponding author. Tel. /fax: +216 74 440 452. wide and 500 000 m3 yA1 in Tunisia alone, are annually produced (Sayadi and Ellouz, 1995; Casa et al. , 2003). This waste contains an enormous supply of organic matter, COD between 40 and 210 g dmA3 and BOD5 between 10 and 150 g dmA3 (Feria, 2000). Some characteristics of this materialE-mail address: sami. [email  protected] rnrt. tn (S. Sayadi). 0944-5013/$ – see front matter & 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. doi:10. 1016/j. micres. 2005. 06. 001 ARTICLE IN PRESS 94 are favourable for agriculture since this ef? uent is rich in organic matter, nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg). The organic fraction of this wastewater includes sugars, tannins, poly phenols, poly alcohols, pectins, lipids, and proteins (Mulinacci et al. , 2001; LesageMeessen et al. , 2001). For these reasons, increasing attention has been given to ? d the best methods to spread OMW on agricultural lands and to recyc le both the organic matter and the nutritive elements in the soil crop system. Moreover, agricultural irrigation with wastewater ef? uents became a common practice in arid and semiarid regions, where it was used as a readily available and inexpensive option to fresh water (Angelakis et al. , 1999; Oved et al. , 2001). Fresh OMW was used as a fertilizer in the horticulture and in the olive cultivation (Cox et al. , 1997; Ben Rouina et al. , 1999; Ammar and Ben Rouina, 1999; Cereti et al. , 2004).However, biodegradation of this waste in the nature is dif? cult because it contains a strong antibacterial effect exerted, by various phenolic compounds (Yesilada et al. , 1999; Sayadi et al. , 2000; Rinaldi et al. , 2003). Before its utilization in the irrigation, OMW was treated by several processes such as aerobic treatment, anaerobic digestion and composting process (Sayadi and Ellouz, 1992, 1995; Ehaliotis et al. , 1999; Paredes et al. , 2000; Kissi et al. , 2001; Marques, 2001; Casa et al. , 2003; D’Annibale et al. , 2004). Some Mediterranean countries established laws about soil capability to endure theOMW application, particularly in Italy (Law N1 574, 1996). The maximum amount of OMW tolerated in the ? elds is 80 and 50 m3 haA1 for OMW obtained by centrifuge and pressure extraction techniques, respectively (Law N1 574, 1996). The addition of such compounds may cause signi? cant shifts in the structure and the function of the microbial community, which in turn may in? uence the viability of the soil for agriculture. The effect of the OMW on the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil are well documented (Cabrera et al. , 1996; Cox et al. 1997; Sierra et al. , 2001; Zenjari and Nejmeddine, 2001; Rinaldi et al. , 2003). However, these studies did not deal with the effect of this waste on the microbial community of the soil (Moreno et al. , 1987; Paredes et al. , 1987; Kotsou et al. , 2004). An integrated approach using a pre-treatment of the OMW with the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium followed by an anaerobic digestion was developed in our laboratory in order to reuse the ef? uent in agriculture (Sayadi and Ellouz, 1995). Thus, the aim of our work was to investigate A. Mekki et al. he effect of untreated and biologically treated OMW on the soil characteristics and on the microbial communities. Materials and methods OMW origin The fresh OMW was taken from a three-phase discontinuous extraction factory located in Sfax, Tunisia. Biological treatment of OMW The treated OMW was obtained with an integrated process based on aerobic fungal pre-treatment using P. chrysosporium DSMZ 6909 followed by a decantation step then anaerobic digestion (Sayadi and Ellouz, 1995). The characteristics of the treated and untreated OMW are given in Table 1. Table 1.Chemical and physical properties of untreated and biological treated OMW Parameter pH (25 1C) Electric conductivity (25 1C) (dS mA1) Salinity (g lA1) Colour (absorbance 395 nm) UV absorbance 280 nm BOD5 (g lA1) COD (g lA1) Glucose (g lA1) Residual solids (g lA1) Total solids (%) Total volatiles (%) Total suspended solids (g lA1) Volatiles suspended solids (g lA1) Nitrogen (g lA1) Phosphorous (g lA1) Potassium (g lA1) o-di-phenols (g lA1) Total poly phenols (g lA1) Residual oils (g lA1) Toxicity by LUMIStox (% inhibition) Untreated OMW 5. 46 8. 7 5. 9 82 368 34. 117 12 26 11. 4 9. 3 8. 9 6. 5 1. 58 0. 84 5. 2 8. 395 9. 200 9. 2 100 Treated OMW 7. 6 11. 3 9. 7 44 38 4. 5 21. 9 ND ND 2. 5 1. 42 3. 5 2. 7 1. 72 1. 12 4. 4 1. 265 1. 578 Not detected 38 ARTICLE IN PRESS Changes in microbial and soil properties following amendment 95 Study sites and sampling The study area consisted in a ? eld of olive trees located in Chaal at 60 Km to the South-West of ? Sfax, Tunisia, North latitude 341 30 , East longitude 101 200 . The mean annual rainfall is 200 mm (Ben Rouina et al. , 2001). The ? eld was divided in ? ve plots.Three experimental plots P1, P2, and P3 we re annually amended in February with 50, 100, and 200 m3 haA1 of untreated OMW respectively (Ben Rouina, 1994). The plot P4, was annually amended with 400 m3 haA1 of the treated OMW. The ? fth plot, plot C, was not amended and served as control. Soil samples were collected from different parts of each plot from 0 to 10 cm deep, using a soil auger. All soil samples, taken from each plot were then mixed, air-dried, sieved with a mesh size of 450 mm and stored at 4 1C prior to use. Water content was immediately determined before airdrying the sample. xtracted with 1 M solution of ammonium acetate (pH 7) using a soil/solution ratio of 1/10 (w/ v). The suspension was analysed with an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES, ARL 3580). Microtoxicity determination The microtoxicity test consisted in the inhibition of the bioluminescence of Vibrio ? scheri LCK480 using the LUMIStox system (Dr. Lange GmbH, Duesseldorf, Germany) and according to ISO 11348-2 (1998). Pe rcentage inhibition of the bioluminescence was achieved by mixing 0. 5 ml of OMW and 0. 5 ml luminescent bacterial suspension.After 15 min exposure at 15 1C, the decrease in light emission was measured. The toxicity of the OMW was expressed as the percent of the inhibition of bioluminescence (%IB) relative to a non-contaminated reference. A positive control (7. 5% NaCl) was included for each test. Physicochemical analyses Analysis of ortho-diphenols: The ortho-diphenols concentration in the OMW was quanti? ed by means of Folin-Ciocalteau colorimetric method (Box, 1983) using caffeic acid as standard. The absorbance was determined at l ? 765 nm. Analysis of total polyphenols: OMW was centrifuged at 7000 rpm for 20 min.The supernatant was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The collected organic fraction was dried and evaporated under vacuum. The residue was extracted two times with dichloromethane in order to remove the non-phenolic fraction (lipids, aliphatic, sugars). The liq uid phase was discarded while the washed residue was weighed and analysed by gas chromatography coupled with the mass spectroscopy technique to con? rm the phenolic structure of the extracted compounds. COD was determined according to Knechtel (1978) standard method. BOD5 was determined by the manometric method with a respirometer (BSB-Controller Model 620 T (WTW)).Dry weight and moisture content were determined by weighing samples before and after drying overnight at 105 1C. Organic matter was determined after furnacing samples at 550 1C for 4 h. Total carbon and nitrogen were determined by dry combustion (TOC Analyser multi-N/C 1000). Ca, K, Na, and Mg analyses, the air-dried soil was Respirometric test Biological activity in the soil was achieved by measuring CO2 evolution in the aerobic condition ? (Ohlinger, 1995). The soil sample was humidi? ed to 50% of its water holding capacity and incubated at 30 1C in the dark. The CO2 evolved was trapped in an NaOH solution and titrated with HCl.Microbial estimation Ten grams of the soil sample was suspended in an erlenmeyer ? ask containing 90 ml of a sterile solution (0. 2% of sodium polyphosphate (NaPO3)n in distilled water, pH 7. 0) and 10 g of sterile glass beads (1. 5 mm diameter). The ? ask was shaken at 200 rpm for 2 h. Serial 10-fold dilutions of the samples in a 0. 85% NaCl solution were plated in triplicate on PCA at 30 1C for total bacterial counts, on Sabouraud containing chloramphenicol at 25 1C for yeasts and moulds, on DCL at 37 1C for total coliforms, and on soil extract agar at 30 1C for actinomycetes.Soil extract agar was prepared as follows: 1 kg of soil was added to 1 l of distilled water and agitated energetically. Supernatant was ? ltered. Its pH was adjusted to 7 and sterilized at 121 1C for 20 min twice. A 200 ml of this extract and 20 g of Agar-agar were added to 800 ml of distilled water and sterilized at 121 1C for 20 min. Penicillin G, Cycloheximide, Ampicillin and Nistatin were dissolv ed in water and sterilized by ? ltration (0. 22 mm) and ARTICLE IN PRESS 96 were added at ? nal concentration of 1, 50, 10 and 50 mg lA1, respectively.For spore-forming bacteria counts, aliquots were heated for 10 min at 80 1C before spreading on PCA and incubation at 37 1C. Ammonia and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria were enumerated by the most probable number (MPN) procedure (Trolldenier, 1995). Culture tubes supplemented either with ammonium or nitrite were inoculated with serially diluted soil suspension. After an extended incubation of 4 weeks at 28 1C, acidi? cation of the medium was recorded by taking colour change as an indication for growth of ammonium oxidizers and the absence of nitrite as an indication for growth of nitrite oxidizers.Subsequently, the MPN was calculated in accordance with the table of MPN values. The total nitri? ers count was the sum of the oxidizers of ammonium and of nitrite. Each soil sample was analysed in duplicate and the dilution series were plated in triplicate for each medium. All these counts were expressed as colony forming units (CFU) per gram of dried soil (24 h at 105 1C). The total nitri? ers count was expressed as MPN per gram of dried soil. A. Mekki et al. high content of phenolics (9. 2 g lA1). This toxicity was reduced to 38%IB in treated OMW which contained only 1. 8 g lA1 of phenolics. The COD (21. 9 g lA1) of treated OMW remained high and far exceeded the standard for direct discharge to a natural water body. Several costly steps are necessary if we want to reach the Tunisian standard (0. 09 g lA1). The treated OMW contained appreciable concentrations of N, P, and K. This ef? uent was free of pathogens, relatively not toxic and contained low concentrations of heavy metals. Apart from COD, BOD5 and black colour, the quality of treated OMW was high and could be used for irrigation after ? eld tests.Analytical results of soils pro? les A darker soil colour was observed in the plots amended with OMW. After drying, the amended soils showed higher compactness and hardness. Soils were sampled and analysed in a particularly dry year in Tunisia. Only weak precipitations were recorded in February, May and November. The soil water content was very weak and it varied between 0. 8% and 1. 15% in the samples collected in September (Table 2). The pH increased to 9. 2 when P4 soil was amended with treated OMW and slightly decreased to 7. 4 when P3 soil was amended with raw OMW.Table 2 shows also that salinity of the amended soil increased proportionally with quantity of treated or untreated OMW. The content of the nutrients as total carbon (Ctot), total nitrogen (Ntot), P, K, Mg and humus increased after spreading Results Characterisation of the ef? uents Untreated OMW totally inhibited V. ?scheri (Table 1). This toxicity was essentially due to its Table 2. Results of the air-dried soils characterization C 89. 82 7. 44 2. 74 1. 14 7. 9 69 0. 02 0. 001 0. 14 0. 25 0. 02 14. 70 0. 23 0. 0312 2. 001 4 8. 7 P1 ND ND ND Characteristics 9 8 Particle size > > Sand = < distribution ? ? clay > > ; : in control soil Silt Moisture content (%) pH (KCl) Salinity (mg kgA1) P (mg gA1) P (water soluble) (mg gA1) K (mg gA1) Mg (mg gA1) Na (mg gA1) Ca (mg gA1) Ntot (mg gA1) N-NH4 (mg gA1) Ctot (mg gA1) Humus (mg gA1) C/N P2 ND ND ND 1. 15 7. 6 336. 5 0. 08 0. 016 1. 60 0. 40 0. 03 16. 20 0. 95 0. 055 15. 504 31 16. 32 P3 ND ND ND 1. 07 7. 4 447. 5 0. 08 0. 12 1. 80 0. 37 0. 04 15. 80 0. 91 0. 089 16. 999 34 18. 68 P4 ND ND ND 0. 82 9. 2 473 0. 05 0. 027 2. 42 0. 33 0. 31 14. 70 0. 45 0. 088 4. 001 8 8. 89 1. 13 7. 9 240 0. 03 0. 003 1. 05 0. 35 0. 17 19. 80 0. 56 0. 044 8. 002 16 14. 29P1, P2, and P3: Soils amended with 50, 100, and 200 m3 haA1 of untreated OMW respectively; P4: Soil amended with 400 m3 haA1 of the treated OMW. The plot C was not amended and served as control. ND: not done. ARTICLE IN PRESS Changes in microbial and soil properties following amendment the treated or untreated OMW. The C /N ratio remained constant in the soil amended with treated OMW while it increased proportionally in the soils amended with untreated OMW. Phenolic compounds migrated in soil according to their molecular mass. Polyphenols were adsorbed in the soil upper layers while monomers migrated in depth.Indeed phenolic monomers were detected at 1. 2 m depth 1 year after irrigation with untreated OMW (data not shown). C-CO2 18 16 C-CO2 and Ctot (mg g-1) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Ctot C-CO2/Ctot 1. 8 1. 6 1. 4 C-CO2/Ctot 1. 2 1 0. 8 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 0 C P1 P2 Soil P3 P4 97 Soil respiration A respirometric test was achieved on soils sampled in September. CO2 production increased with OMW amendment (Fig. 1). For the treated OMW, a more pronounced CO2 production rate was shown since the ? rst week of incubation. However, for the untreated OMW, the start-up of the CO2 production was delayed to the 3rd week of respiration.The speci? c respiration rate expressed as the ratio of C-CO2/Ctot for the different soil samples is shown in Fig. 2. The amendment of the soil with 200 m3 haA1 increased the carbon content to 17 mg gA1 while the speci? c respiration remained very low. However, the amendment with 400 m3 haA1 of treated OMW did not much affect the speci? c respiration of the soil. 0 Figure 2. Speci? c respiration C-CO2/Ctot, cumulative CCO2, and total carbon Ctot of the soil samples studied. shown). An increase in the total micro? ora count was observed in P1, P2 and P4 in all dates of sampling (Table 3).However, at 200 m3 haA1 of untreated OMW, the total bacterial counts remained much higher compared to the control soil, but lower compared to the other doses of OMW. Effect on soil microbiology Viable mesophilic micro? ora Generally, the total micro? ora increased with the soil humidity. OMW enhanced the water holding capacity of the soil. The soil water content increased when the OMW dose increased (data not 12 Viable yeasts and moulds micro? ora In comparison with the control soil, an o verall high CFU of fungi in the soil amended with untreated OMW was found (Table 4).In all dates of sampling, the fungal CFU number decreased when OMW increased but remained much higher than the control soil except for biologically treated OMW which had a lower CFU than the control. We noted that the pH of OMW leaving the anaerobic reactor ranged between 7. 6 and 8. This pH increased to 8. 7 during its storage at ambient temperature. After amendment with treated OMW, the pH of the soil increased to 9. 2. Such pH value is considered as detrimental for the fungal growth. C P1 P2 P3 P4 mg C-CO 2 g -1 (dry soil) 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Viable total nitri? rs Soils C, P1 and P2 showed broadly comparable nitri? er MPN numbers. However, a decrease in viable nitri? ers count was observed in P3. This decrease was more signi? cant in P4 (Table 5). Time (d) Figure 1. Cumulative respiratory activity as mg CO2 gA1 dry soil of different samples incubated over 28 days at 28 1C in the dark. Viable actinomycetes The actinomycetes CFU number increased when OMW doses increased up to the dose of 100 m3 haA1. At 200 m3 haA1 of untreated OMW, the CFU number remained higher than C and P1 (50 m3 haA1). However, it was lower than P2 (100 m3 haA1) (Table 6).ARTICLE IN PRESS 98 Table 3. Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria counts CFU ( A 104) gA1 in the different plots Feb C P1 P2 P3 P4 3472 8574. 95 12177. 11 6673. 9 9075. 3 May 6974. 05 7774. 52 8975. 32 7274. 23 10175. 93 Jun 24. 571. 44 45. 572. 67 57. 573. 38 5773. 35 7974. 64 Sep 1570. 88 48. 572. 85 65. 573. 85 43. 572. 55 6073. 52 Nov 21. 571. 26 8374. 88 16179. 46 9275. 4 15879. 29 A. Mekki et al. Data expressed as mean value (three replicates) and standard deviation for colony forming units per gram of dried soil. Table 4. Fungi counts in the different plots CFU ( A 104) gA1 Feb May 370. 5 11. 573. 64 571. 58 4. 671. 45 1. 8570. 58 Jun 370. 95 1775. 38 1574. 75 1173. 48 2. 8570. 9 Sep 1. 370. 41 15. 574. 9 1073. 17 4. 171. 2 9 1. 7470. 55 Nov 2. 770. 85 14. 774. 65 13. 574. 27 11. 273. 55 1. 3570. 42 C P1 P2 P3 P4 3. 571. 11 1073. 17 5. 571. 74 7. 572. 37 1. 8270. 57 Table 5. Nitri? ers counts MPN (x104) gA1 in the different plots Feb May 4. 770. 62 4. 570. 59 4. 270. 55 2. 870. 37 0. 4870. 063 Jun 3. 270. 42 3. 470. 45 2. 670. 34 1. 770. 22 0. 5170. 07 Sep 2. 870. 37 2. 470. 31 2. 470. 31 1. 170. 14 0. 0770. 009 Nov 3. 870. 5 3. 170. 41 2. 870. 37 1. 170. 14 0. 70. 11 C P1 P2 P3 P4 3. 670. 47 2. 670. 34 270. 26 1. 970. 25 0. 4670. 06 Table 6. Actinomycetes counts CFU ( A 104) gA1 in the different plots Feb May 2. 170. 28 14. 571. 93 18. 572. 46 1872. 39 17. 572. 33 Jun 270. 26 871. 06 15. 572. 06 1271. 59 15. 672. 07 Sep 270. 26 1071. 33 10. 571. 39 5. 570. 73 12. 2971. 63 Nov 3. 570. 46 12. 871. 7 17. 272. 29 14. 771. 95 15. 772. 09 C P1 P2 P3 P4 0. 670. 08 770. 93 1171. 46 570. 66 13. 2971. 77 Viable spore-forming bacteria and total coliforms The spore-forming bacteria increased with the increase of OMW doses (data not shown).For P4 soil, it shifted from the CFU gA1 number ranging from 0. 28 to 1. 12 A 104 in the control soil to CFU gA1 number ranging from 1. 1 to 2. 12 A 104 in P4 amended with 400 m3 haA1 of treated OMW. Total coliforms are well known as contaminant indicator bacteria in wastewater and soil. The number of the total coliforms was very low in the control soil. It increased when the treated or untreated OMW quantity increased (data not shown). Discussion This study attempted to demonstrate that soil amended with different concentrations of OMW showed modi? ation of its structure and its texture. The acidity of the untreated OMW was compensated by the soil carbonate alkalinity. The carbonates at the same time became bicarbonates, moved and accumulated in deeper horizons as was shown by Sierra et al. (2001). The increase of the salinity in the soil could result from the main ionic species, sodium chloride and sulphate, coming from the treated or untreated OMW. This is in line with previous ? nding ARTICLE IN PRESS Changes in microbial and soil properties following amendment (Paredes et al. , 1987; Sierra et al. 2001). Hence, in long-term applications, replacement of the soil calcium by the cations of Na, K and Mg could lead to the degradation of the soil structure and the formation of saline soils as was suggested earlier by Zenjari and Nejmeddine (2001). Biologically treated OMW had a pH48, and the alkalinity of this waste was not regulated (buffered) by the soil components. Soil porosity was reduced by the combined effect of the suspended solids and the COD formed by highly polymerised polyphenolic compounds such as humic acid-like substances (Cox et al. 1997). Consequently, soil plugged and became impermeable which led to a reduction of the soil aerobic community such as fungi and actinomycetes. This ? nding con? rms the reported correlation between the soil pH and the ( change in community composition (Frostegard et al. , 1993; Perkiomaki and Fritze, 2002). ? ? The increase of nutrient contents, Ctot, Ntot, P Mg , and K at all OMW treated plots, may have a bene? cial effect on the soil fertility. The OMW treated soil exhibited a higher respiration rate compared to the control soil.Nevertheless, when taking into account the added organic carbon, this activity was not in proportional ratio. Speci? c respiration expressed as C-CO2/Ctot decreased from 1. 7 in the control soil to 0. 5 in the soil amended with 100 m3 haA1 of untreated OMW. Yet, it slightly decreased to 1. 15 in the soil amended with 400 m3 haA1 of treated OMW. This can be explained by the fact that the phenolic compounds may inhibit the soil respiration, especially in the high OMW doses, and thus neutralize the favourable in? uence of its higher nutrient contents as was demonstrated by Sierra et al. 2001), Cox et al. (1997), Cabrera et al. (1996), and Paredes et al. (1987). In simple terms, the inhibition of soil respiration could be caused by the fact th at the big amount of carbon added to the soil was unavailable to the micro? ora under the effect of its strong adsorption or its reaction with the components of the soil. This disproportion could not be due to the added salt because despite the high content of salt in P4 (473 mg kgA1) compared to that in P3 (447. 5 mg kgA1), the former had a nearer speci? c respiration rate to the control plot C which contained only (69 mg kgA1).Addition of the untreated or the biologically treated OMW to the soil created some modi? cations in the average values for total number of microorganisms and their repartition. Results showed an initial increase in the numbers of CFU in most micro? ora groups after the OMW amendment, excepted for nitri? ers which decreased. In line with this ? nding, Paredes et al. (1987) reported also an increase in the total viable counts in the soil polluted with OMW. The overall low CFU number 99 observed in the P3 soil could be explained by the OMW dose becoming high an d toxic (Capasso et al. 1995). The chemolithotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) are responsible for the ? rst ratelimiting step in nitri? cation in which ammonia (NH3) is transformed to nitrate (NOA) via nitrite 3 (NOA). The AOB play a critical role in the natural 2 nitrogen cycle (Oved et al. , 2001; Mendum and Hirsch, 2002). This micro? ora could be affected by a variety of chemical conditions including aromatic compounds and salts. Indeed, the number of nitri? ers shifted from the CFU gA1 number ranging from 2. 8 to 4. 7 A 104 in the control soil to CFU gA1 number ranging from 0. 46 to 0. A 104 in P4 amended with 400 m3 haA1 of treated OMW. Some authors reported that higher pH is not favourable for some phylogenetic groups of nitrifying bacteria (Kowalchuk et al. , 2000). Moreover, some residual polyphenolic compounds present in treated OMW may be toxic for this sensitive category of microorganisms (Peredes et al. , 1987). Actinomycetes and spore-forming bacteria play a sig ni? cant role in the organic matter cycle in nature, by virtue of their considerable powers and ability to break down complex organic molecules. Actinomycetes counts were strongly enhanced by treated and untreated OMW amendment.The introduction of organic pollutants, which can potentially act as toxic substances and nutrient sources, was shown to preferentially stimulate speci? c populations (Atlas et al. , 1991). The increase of the CFU count of spore-forming bacteria were in accordance with the earlier investigations of Paredes et al. (1987) who reported an increase in spore-forming bacteria counts but a decrease in the proportion of this population in the community from 10% to 12% in the control soil to 0. 02% in the polluted soil with OMW. Fungi populations are known by their considerable depolymerising enzymes and their resistance to recalcitrant substances.The OMW enhanced fungi, the most important organisms decomposing lignin and polyphenols (Scheu and Parkinson, 1994; Borken et al. , 2002). Consequently, this population was favoured in plots P1, P2 and P3 where pH and C/N ratio were also more favourable compared to the control. This observation con? rms previous ? ndings by Perkiomaki and Fritze (2002) and Joergensen et al. (1995). ? Conclusion Based on previous studies and our results, we suggest that the effect of the long-term use of OMW in the ferti-irrigation on the soil microbial commu- ARTICLE IN PRESS 00 nity, the soil fertility and the soil physico-chemical properties remain unclear. Yet, speci? c attention must be devoted to the irrigation potential of treated OMW with explicit reference to the major crops of agricultural interest. The following guidelines should be adhered to the OMW spreading on soil A. Mekki et al. Box, J. D. , 1983. Investigation of the Folin-Ciocalteau phenol reagent for the determination of polyphenolic substances in natural waters. Water Res. 17, 511–522. Cabrera, F. , Lopez, R. , Martinez-Bordiu, A. , Dupuy de Lome, E. , Murillo, J. M. , 1996.Land treatment of olive oil mill wastewater. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 38 (3-4), 215–225. Capasso, R. , Evidenti, A. , Schivo, L. , Orru, G. , Marcialis, M. A. , Cristinzio, G. , 1995. Antibacterial polyphenols from olive oil mill waste waters. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 79, 393–398. Casa, R. , D’Annibale, A. , Pieruccetti, F. , Stazi, S. R. , Giovannozzi Sermanni, G. G. , Lo Cascio, B. , 2003. Reduction of the phenolic components in olive-mill wastewater by enzymatic treatment and its impact on durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf. ) germinability. Chemosphere 50, 959–966. Cereti, C. F. , Rossini, F. Federici, F. , Quaratino, D. , Vassilev, N. , Fenice, M. , 2004. 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The effect of olive oil mill    do not exceed 50 m3 haA1 yA1 of untreated OMW and to decrease the dose of treated OMW up to 100 m3 haA1 yA1 to avoid the increase of the soil salinity. integrate a polishing tertiary treatment of OMW for reducing the residual coloration and toxicity of the ef? uent. frequently till and avoid dry soil conditions to maintain a maximal activity of the soil micro? ra. Acknowledgments This work was supported by Inco-med project ‘‘Mediterranean usage of biotechnological treated ef? uent water’’ ICA3-CT-1999-00010. The authors would like to thank: ‘‘Institut de l’Olivier de Sfax’’ and Dr Bechir Ben Rouina for their permission to use the experimental plant of OMW amendment at Chaal farm. ? References Ammar, E. , Ben Rouina, B. , 1999. Potential horticultural utilization of olive oil processing waste water. Acta Horticult. 474 (2), 741–744. Angelakis, A. N. , Marecos Do Monte, M. H. F. , Bontoux, L. , Asano, T. , 1999.The status of wastewater reuse practice in the Mediterranean basin: need for guidelines. Water Res. 33 (10), 2201–2217. Atlas, R. M. , Horowitz, A. , Krichevsky, M. , Bej, A. K. , 1991. Respons e of microbial populations to environmental disturbances. Microb. Ecol. 22, 249–256. Ben Rouina, B. , 1994. Repercussions agronomiques de ? l’epandage des margines comme fertilisant. Interna? tional conference on Land and Water Resources Management in the Mediterranean Region II, 583–594. Ben Rouina, B. , Taamallah, H. , Ammar, E. , 1999. Vegetation water used as a fertilizer on young olive plants. Acta Horticult. 74 (1), 353–355. Ben Rouina, B. , Gargouri, K. , Taamallah, H. , 2001. L’utilisation des margines comme fertilisant en agriculture. Journees Mediterraneennes de l’oliviers. ? ? ? Nimes, France 6–7 & 8 Avril. Borken, W. , Muhs, A. , Beese, F. , 2002. Changes in microbial and soil properties following compost treatment of degraded temperate forest soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 34, 403–412. ARTICLE IN PRESS Changes in microbial and soil properties following amendment wastewater (OMW) on soil microbial communities and suppre ssiveness against Rhizoctonia solani. Appl. Soil Ecol. 26, 113–121. Kowalchuk, G. A. Stienstra, A. W. , Heilig, G. H. , Stephen, J. R. , Woldendorp, J. W. , 2000. Molecular analysis of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in soil of successional grasslands of the Drentsche A (The Netherlands). FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 31, 207–215. Law N1 574, 1996 (Legge 574, 11/11/1996). Norme sull’utilizzazione agronomica dei re? ui oleari. Gazzetta Uf? ciale N. 265 del 12 novembre, 1996. Lesage-Meessen, L. , Navarro, D. , Maunier, S. , Sigoillot, JC. , Lorquin, J. , Delattre, M. , Simon, J. -L. , Asther, M. , Labat, M. , 2001. Simple phenolic content in olive oil residues as a function of extraction systems.Food Chem. 75 (4), 501–507. Marques, I. P. , 2001. Anaerobic digestion treatment of olive mill wastewater for ef? uent re-use in irrigation. Desalination 137, 233–239. Mendum, T. A. , Hirsch, P. R. , 2002. Changes in the population structure of b-group autotrophic ammonia oxidizing bacteria in arable soils in response to agricultural practice. Soil Biol. Biochem. 34, 1479–1485. Moreno, E. , Perez, J. , Ramos-Cormenzana, A. , Martinez, J. , 1987. Antimicrobial effect of waste water from olive oil extraction plants selecting soil bacteria after incubation with diluted waste.Microbios 51, 169–174. Mulinacci, N. , Romani, A. , Galardi, C. , Pinelli, P. , Giaccherini, C. , Vincieri, F. F. , 2001. Polyphenolic content in olive oil waste waters and related olive samples. J. Agri. Food Chem. 49, 358–3514. ? Ohlinger, R. , 1995. Soil respiration by titration. In: ? Schinner, F. , Ohlinger, R. , Kandeler, E. , Margesin, R. (Eds. ), Methods in Soil Biology. Springer, Berlin, pp. 95–98. Oved, T. , Shaviv, A. , Goldrath, T. , Mandelbaun, R. T. , Minz, D. , 2001. In? uence of ef? uent irrigation on community composition and function of ammoniaoxidizing bacteria in soil.Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67, 3426–3433. Paredes, M. J. , Mo reno, E. , Ramos-Cormenzana, A. , Martinez, J. , 1987. Characteristics of soil after 101 pollution with waste waters from oil extraction plants. Chemosphere 16, 1557–1564. Paredes, C. , Roig, A. , Bernal, M. P. , Sanchez-Monedero, M. A. , Cegarra, J. , 2000. Evolution of organic matter and nitrogen during co-composting of olive mill wastewater with solid organic wastes. Biol. Fert. Soils 32 (3), 222–227. Perkiomaki, J. , Fritze, H. , 2002. Short and long-term ? ? effects of wood ash on boreal forest humus microbial community.Soil Biol. Biochem. 34, 1343–1353. Rinaldi, M. , Rana, G. , Introna, M. , 2003. Olive-mill wastewater spreading in southern Italy: effects on a durum wheat crop. Field Crops Res. 84, 319–326. Sayadi, S. , Ellouz, R. , 1992. Decolourization of olive mill waste-waters by the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium : involvement of the lignin-degrading system. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 37, 813–817. Sayadi, S. , Ellouz, R. , 1995. Roles of lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium in the decolorization of olive mill wastewaters.Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61, 1098–1103. Sayadi, S. , Allouche, N. , Jaoua, M. , Aloui, F. , 2000. Detrimental effects of high molecular-mass polyphenols on olive mill wastewater biotreatment. Process Biochem. 35, 725–735. Scheu, S. , Parkinson, D. , 1994. Changes in the bacterial and fungal biomass C, bacterial and fungal biovolume and ergosterol contents after drying, remoistening and incubation of different layers of cool temperature forest soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 26, 1515–1525. Sierra, J. , Marti, E. , Montserrat, G. , Cruanas, R. , Garau, M. A. , 2001.Characterization and evolution of a soil affected by olive oil mill wastewater disposal. Sci. Total Environ. 279, 207–214. Trolldenier, G. , 1995. Nitri? ers by MPN method. In: ? Schinner, F. , Ohlinger, R. , Kandeler, E. , Margesin, R. (Eds. ), Methods in Soil Biology. Springer, Berlin, pp. 32–36. ? ? Yesilada, E. , Ozmen, M. , Yeslada, O. , 1999. Studies on the toxic and genotoxic effect of olive oil mill wastewater. Fresenius Envir. Bull. 8, 732–739. Zenjari, A. , Nejmeddine, A. , 2001. Impact of spreading olive mill wastewater on soil characteristics: laboratory experiments. Agronomie 21, 749–755. My Aim in Life There are two things to aim at in life: first, to get what you want, and after that to enjoy it. Only the wisest of mankind achieve the second. Logan P. Smith People have set their own aim depending upon their abilities. Some people are doctors, engineers, Charter Accountants, pilots, teachers and many more. Our life is too short so we have to strive to attain our aim with all our hard work. The main objective for achieving the aim is to get material pleasures, mental happiness as well as satisfaction. Once a person chives his aim he can live a prosperous life.The mere act of aiming at something big, makes you big. Charcoal Nehru My aim in life is neither to collect money nor for fame. It is my desire to become a well-qualified doctor. I do not just wish to be an ordinary doctor. The world remembers with thankfulness the name of the man who gave to the world vaccination. The world will remember forever the man who gave us penicillin. As a doctor I want to serve the humanity. Don't ai m for success if you want it; just do what you love and believe in, and it will come naturally.David Frost have an ambition to do something in this world so, great as the doctors and the courageous founders did in the past. I would like to give the world some new drugs and injections that will cure some of the diseases that people are still suffering from. An aim in life is the only fortune worth finding. Robert Louis Stevenson know, my profession is very dignified and it will help me to get peace and satisfaction in life. It provides us best chances of service. Sympathy to human being is the sympathy to one own self. Quotations About this essay. Future favors the bold.An early death is better than an aimless life. A noble aim is simply a noble deed. My goal in life is to survive. Everything else is just a bonus. The greater danger for most of us lies not in setting our aim too high and falling short; but in setting our aim too low, and achieving our mark. Michelangelo The aim of ar t is to represent not the outward appearance of things, but their inward significance. Aristotle. Aim above morality. Be not simply good, be good for something.

The cherry orchard essays

The cherry orchard essays The Cherry Orchard is Chekhov's last play, written in 1903 and 1904 during the last year of his life when he was dying of tuberculosis. He is the father of modern drama theater and also the greatest dramatist after Shakespeare. The Cherry Orchard was initially produced by the Moscow Art Theatre on January 17, 1904 in the time that Russia governed by Tsar Nicolas II. Most of people know that The Cherry Orchard represent Russia Country and also try to represent the life of Russians people in different classes. It indicate to a social condition of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, when the aristocrats and landowning were losing their power and their wealth meanwhile the business class or middle class become up rising. There are many characters in the play which are Mrs.Liubov; the owner of the estate and the leading of the play. Although her family is aristocracy which mostly is wealthy but she is a kind of woman who does whatever she want to and follow her emotion, so that make her involve with a financial problem. Pishtchik; the neighbor who also is a landowner like Mrs.Liubov, anyway he is in debt as well. Gayev; older brother of Mrs.Liubov, he like to satirize other people and when he make a problem he corrects his shame by playing billiards. Varia; adopted daughter of Mrs.Liubov, aged 24, she manages the estate and she in love with Lopakhin; a business man or middle class, he is also a neighbor of Mrs.Liubov but he differ from Pishtchik because his ancestors were serfs on the Cherry Orchard. He has no knowledge even a penmanship that make him feel very ashamed. Ania; a youngest daughter of Mrs.Liubov, aged 17. She is an optimistic young girl and always happy, she in love with Thophimof; a s tudent and he also be a teacher of Mrs.Liubovs little son that drowned at seven years old. He is an idealist person and intelligent. Charlotta; a German governess of Ania. Dooniasha; a palourmaid in the house, she ...

How To Use Hashtags The Right Way On Every Social Network

How To Use Hashtags The Right Way On Every Social Network Most everyone knows what hashtags are in 2016. However, not everyone knows how to use hashtags  well.  When used properly, hashtags (# signs that help categorize social media content) make it easier for users to find related content. They can help increase the visibility of your messages  and boost your  social shares. When used inappropriately, however, they can negatively impact your credibility on social media. This can have the inverse effect of decreasing your social activity. The issue is more complicated when we look at hashtag used beyond Twitter, where theyre most popular. Lets take a moment to clear up some confusion. Basic hashtag dos and donts. How to find and select appropriate hashtags for your messages. Best practices for each social network. This Is How To Use Hashtags The Best Way On Every Social Network What Are Hashtags? Twitter first introduced hashtags to the social media world in 2007.  They've been confusing marketers and media professionals ever since. This video provides a decent historical rundown  of hashtag history (if you can bear with  it for more than 30 seconds): In practice, hashtags are used to  categorize social media  content into easily navigable lists. By including the #[INSERT KEYWORD] in a tweet, it then becomes visible inline with  other posts using that same hashtag. Do you know how to use hashtags? #socialmediaHow To Research  Hashtags  For Your Social Media Messages Sometimes, the best way to use hashtags is to find ones  that  already exist. Before you can get started, though,  you need to actually find those hashtags. Fortunately, there are a number of tools out there to help with this process. Let's take a look at a handful of useful options: There are many ways to find hashtags. Here are a few ways!Research Hashtags Trends On Twitter What The Trend is a tool that can help you find the top hashtags from the last 30 days. You can get new viewers by finding creative hashtags that fit your content and  are  recently trending. Find Hashtags For Twitter On  Twitonomy Twitonomy  can help you find personalized hashtags that revolve around the content you post on your Twitter accounts.  It can also show you the most powerful influencers using a given hashtag, as well as who's engaging the most. You'll need a premium to unlock this tool's most useful functionality, but fortunately, it's reasonably priced. Discover Hashtags For Twitter And Facebook With RiteTag RiteTag is a hashtag power tool for discovering hashtags. It also offers up-to-date usage data to show you how hashtags are performing in the real world. While the premium plans offer more functionality, the basic free plan still offers plenty of utility. In short, RiteTag is like a Swiss Army knife of deep hashtag research and tracking. This video provides a good run-down of what it can do: You Can Find Twitter Hashtags With  Hashtagify.me Hashtagify.me is another great tool for finding trending hashtags on Twitter. Plus, it also has an option to get email updates on trending hashtags as well. It offers free and premium plans for all sizes of companies, from individual users up to enterprise accounts. How To Find Hashtags Directly On Each Network Finding Hashtags On Twitter There is a list of what is currently popular and a link to all the related tweets on  your main feed on the left hand side of  your Twitter newsfeed. You can also use the search bar to find hashtags to know  what folks are currently using. This is a great way to hone in on hashtags that are super relevant  to the content you want to share. How To Find Hashtags On Instagram: When you open the Instagram  app, you should see a magnifying glass on your home screen: Here, you can browse trending hashtags: Recommended Reading: How To Improve Your Visual Marketing On Pinterest And Instagram How To Find Hashtags On Facebook: You can search hashtags in the Facebook search bar: People sometimes confuse trending topics with trending hashtags. While it may be helpful to monitor the trending topics that appear to the right of your News Feed, these are not necessarily hashtag-based. Recommended Reading: Best Practices Guide For Making Sure Your Posts Look Good On Social Media How To Find Hashtags On Google+: When you  go to insert a hashtag in your post, Google+  proceeds to give you a list of top hashtags related to your post. This can be a useful means of finding more hashtags related to your post topic: How To Find Hashtags On Pinterest: Pinterest search  supports hashtags as a tagging and discovery engine. When you search a hashtag, pins with similar keywords  in the description will show up in the results (along with  pins that have the same term in the URL,  photo name, or product page tied to the Pin). Use hashtags in Youtube comment sections. #Youtube #hashtagsRecommended Reading:  How To Get More Followers On Pinterest With 21+ Tactics That Will Grow Your Following How To Use Hashtags On YouTube: YouTube uses hashtags in comment sections. Try searching for videos related to the topic of your video to see which hashtags appear popular. Clicking on hashtags on YouTube used to bring you to a Google+ page with more related posts. However, they now bring you to a page within YouTube: How To Use Hashtags On Every Social Network How To Use Hashtags On Facebook A better question might be, "Should I use hashtags on Facebook at all?" Data shows hashtags on Facebook  do not help boost engagement. That means you might be better served by leaving hashtags off entirely. In one study, posts with hashtags  received only .80% viral reach, while posts without hashtags had 1.30% viral reach. Data shows that using hashtags on Facebook doesn't help boost engagement.Plus, Facebook doesn't recognize hashtags in the search bar. The only way to find hashtags is to directly click on the hashtag in a post. Pro Tip: If you do use hashtags in your Facebook  posts, the bare minimum  is the way to go. Digital Information World found that posts with just one or two hashtags got the most interactions. Recommended Reading:  What 16 Studies Say About The Best Times To Post On Social Media How To Use Hashtags On Twitter Stick to one or two hashtags per post  since that tends  to grow engagement on your content by 21%. When you start using 3 or more hashtags per message, you lower engagement by almost 17%. Pro Tip: When it comes to your Twitter bio, use hashtags sparingly. In other words, avoid filling your entire bio with hashtags. How To Use Hashtags On Instagram Photos with 11+ hashtags seem to get the most interactions. However,  they can also  look like spam when they're overdone. Master the hashtag like photographer Matthew Hodgeman.  While he uses hashtags heavily, he keeps them relevant: Matthew tagged  the area he was in, along with the topics that his audience would be interested in. That targeting got almost 20 more likes than the rest of his photos from that week. How To Use Hashtags On Pinterest Pinterest hashtags lead to search results for the keyword in your hashtags. That means if  you have a hashtag in your Pin description, your Pinners can click through to find similar content for those keywords, not necessarily only for that hashtag. There's also no guarantee Pinterest will index the hashtags you choose to use. If  you do decide to use hashtags on Pinterest, then less is more. There is evidence that Pinterest will even demote the value of your Pins that have too many hashtags.  Furthermore, some say the best way to use hashtags on Pinterest is to use your own customized hashtags that people click to see your own related Pins instead of directing traffic to see a broader category around a topic. How To Use Hashtags On Google+ Google+ hashtags are  automatically  assigned to your posts. However, you can edit them, or add your own. Google+ lets you include them in your comments as well. This gives your posts more opportunity to be seen. Usually, a total  2 or 3 hashtags is a good target here. Aim to use 2 or 3 hashtags. That's a good target!How To Use Hashtags On YouTube According to SproutSocial, hashtags on  YouTube are most widely used in the comment section.  You can use hashtags to categorize your content to be found by topic, using your keywords as the foundation for your hashtags. Pro Tip: Increase the visibility of your YouTube videos by leaving a comment with relevant  hashtags. This will then click through to a page with videos that contain that hashtag in their title. Recommended Reading: How To Use A Twitter Chat To Grow Your Audience And Gain Trust How To Create  Your Own Hashtag There are times when  you might want to create your own hashtag. You might want one to   complement an event  so attendees can track social posts. Or, you might have a unique  marketing campaign  that needs its own hashtag (rather than jumping on one that already exists). Can't find a good hashtag for your content? Create your own hashtag!In these cases,  follow  this advice: A good hashtag is: Memorable. Unique. Relevant to the content you're sharing. Strike a balance: Make it unique but simple to remember. Don’t make your hashtag so broad that it's hard to track.Hashtags should be 1. memorable 2. unique and 3. relevantFollow These Hashtag Best Practices 1. Be Mindful of Proper Hashtag Etiquette on Each Specific Network Instagram hashtags are often more geared toward topics or descriptions. However, Twitter hashtags tend to be more focused on a topic or conversation. Get familiar with how your specific audience uses hashtags on their networks. Then, participate in the conversation accordingly. 2.  Use Hashtags That Fit Your Brand It's tempting to jump on every hot trending hashtag out there. However, it's better to stick to using  hashtags that fit your brand. Use some common sense and ask yourself if a hashtag actually fits your image, message, content, and audience. For example, if your brand primarily serves customers over 40, then using a hashtag heavy on youth slang  will probably look awkward. Stick to the hashtags that fit your brand. #blogging #marketing3.  Create  Hashtags For Promotions Running a  promotion? What better way than to spread the word through hashtags. Here's one example for National Walking Day: Pro Tip: You can even give away  free swag to participants using the hashtag. 4. Keep  Them Short And Memorable Twitter only allows you 140 characters, so if your hashtag takes up too much room, people won't  want to use it because it will take away from their content and links. By overcrowding your tweet, you're going to lose attention, not grab it. Don't overcrowd your Tweet. You will lose attention.The same principle applies to other networks as well. Even on platforms where length isn't a concern, staying memorable is (and in that case, the shorter and snappier they are, the better). 5.  Capitalize The First Letter Of Each Word #whenyouputmanywordstogether in a single hashtag, the letters can become all jumbled up and difficult to skim through. #ButIfYouCapitalize the first  letter of each word, it's easier to distinguish each word and read at a glance. Hashtags are not case sensitive, so when  you combine multiple words together in your hashtag,  distinguish them by capitalizing the first letter of each word. 6.  Use Hashtags In Twitter Chats Twitter chats are online events centering an entire conversation around a hashtag. They're a great way to build relationships with your audience, and encourage engagement with a branded hashtag. Recommended Reading:  How To Use A Twitter Chat To Grow Your Audience And Gain Trust Avoid These Common Hashtag Mistakes Some of these tips are basic. Some you may never have heard of. But one thing is clear: If you make these mistakes, you'll miss out on the engagement you were hoping to get from your social messages. 1. Don't  Use Spaces Or Special Punctuation Use #SuperBowl not #super bowl. Your social networks  will only recognize the first word. Don't use  punctuation marks, but you can use numbers as long as you  complement  them  with a bit of text (like that #smmw16, for example). 2. Don’t Use The @ Symbol  In Hashtags Your hashtags aren't designed to tag your network's users.  So combining both  a hashtag and an "at" symbol  will only tag the person/user, and you won't send a hashtag at all. 3.  Don't Go Overboard With Too Many Hashtags #How #Annoying #Would #It #Be #To #Have #To #Go #Through #And #Read #Thirty #Hashtags #And #Try #To #Find #Out #What #It #Is #Saying. No one likes #hashtag #spam.4.  Don't Spam There are websites, brands, and individuals that use popular  hashtags and just throw them in  their social messages  with no context, just for the sole purpose of helping  other accounts to find  them. This plan may seem to work in the short term, but just when Instagram did a complete clean out of any account that seemed to be linked with spam, these individuals lost hundreds of thousands of followers. Their  hashtag plan completely backfired. 5. Make Sure Hashtags Mean What You Think They Do Pizza brand DiGiorno Pizza made a huge  mistake when they jumped on the viral hashtag  #WhyIStayed.  DiGiorno didn't look up the context of the hashtag. #WhyIStayed  pertained to people who were sharing their domestic violence stories to raise awareness after Ray Rice punched his then-financeà ¨ Janay Palmer. DiGiorno tweeted â€Å"#whyIstayed You had pizza†. Within a minute, the tweet had been deleted, but the damage had already been done. Pro Tip: Hashtags are often related to current events and cultural trends. If you're unsure what a hashtag might be referring to, take a few minutes to do some research. 6.  Make Sure Your Hashtags Work If there is a symbol or punctuation in or after the hashtag, you will break the hashtag. Grammar police beware. If  you want to post #I'mback, your hashtag will break after the I. You can tell where your hashtag broke when the blue line turns into black text. Take a look at "#it's" in this example of a Tweet scheduled with . The preview here shows that the apostrophe is breaking your hashtag. If there are letters or numbers before the hashtag, it will break it before it even starts. So if your hashtag is 123#abc, abc won't  link to a hashtag. If the hashtag is made up entirely of numbers, the hashtag will not hyperlink. But if you include  letters with  your numbers, the hashtag will work correctly. So  #12345 won't work. but #123abc will. Recommended Reading: 10 Reasons You Should Be Using Blog Comments Reals Of How To Use Hashtags The Right Way Let's take a look at some super successful hashtag strategies to inspire your own. Jimmy Fallon: King Of The Hashtag For Social Media Engagement Over the last few years, Jimmy Fallon has become a master of using hashtags to engage his audience. He even has a segment on his show every week where he  asks his audience to submit their stories using his hashtags. Let's check out a few: @jimmyfallon I once got a text from my mom where Youre amazing autocorrected to Youre adopted #momtexts Stefen Colalillo (@StefenColalillo) October 2, 2013 One year, I got the book Hes Just Not That Into You from FIVE different people. Message received. #worstgiftever @jimmyfallon Dani Dudek (@fancypantsLATX) December 10, 2013 Direct quote: Can you tip me in cash, bro? I think Im getting fired in about 20 minutes. #myweirdwaiter Kyle Molin (@kyle_molin) January 8, 2014 #LikeAGirl 84% of people will share content  because it makes them feel like they're supporting a cause. This principle is what helped the #LikeAGirl campaign go viral. When Always created the campaign that asked girls and boys to do things "like a girl", teens tended  not take the message seriously.  However, younger kids really took it to heart. The aim was  to show that as kids get  older you get, the world instills in  them negative perceptions about how girls should act. The campaign was an overwhelming success.  Since debuting in June 2014, this video has had more than  80 million views worldwide, which was helped in part by the #LikeAGirl hashtag that complemented the campaign: #EsuranceSave30 Here's another great example from  Esurance. Last year, they saved $1.5 million by buying air time for their  commercial right after the Super Bowl was over. They promised to give away that  cash to one person who included #EsuranceSave30 in a tweet. 2.39 million users tweeted with the hashtag, elevating awareness of the Esurance brand (for a lot less than the cost of traditional advertising): And That's How To Use Hashtags To  Increase Your Brand Awareness Hashtags can make or break your social media messages and engagement. It's super important  that you understand where, when, and how to use them.  Now you have a bunch of tips to get you started in the right direction!