Impact of Walking on Excess Adiposity in Obese Adults

Impact of Walking on Excess Adiposity in Obese AdultsThe effect and qualification of a wellness liberty chit intervention in diminishing excess adiposity in obese adultsABSTRACT IntroductionWith the exponential rise in oecumenical corpulency rate, obesity is a non-communicable disease considered to be an epidemic cause of concern. Not only is this due to the physiological decline leading to un quantifyly deathrate but also as a financial burden on society. Individuals meeting the cut-off point for obesity (BMI 30 kg m-2) are reportedly at a in high spirits risk of mortality or developing comorbidities than healthy- saddle various(prenominal)s. Accordingly, the role of exercise as a metric lean unit loss strategy must be examined.ObjectiveTo initiate a walking health way plan for a 2kg plunk downty fix loss in an obese individual and to further investigate the efficiency of exercise (i.e. walking) as a role in saddle loss.Methods eccentric A, a male (age = 50 years, h eight = 1.77m, physical structure mass = 96kg, carcass mass index (BMI) = 30.3kg/m2) was chosen as the target put down for a walking health way of life strategy to initiate a loss of 2kg of fat mass. muscle economic consumption info was analysed using the subjects known anthropometric entropy along with the calories expended and duration of the walk as tracked and mensural by the app MapMyWalk.ResultsSubject A expended 379 Kcal (1585.74 kJ) as calculated by MapMyWalk for the designed health route walk. Subject A would have to repeat this health route walk approximately 49 times to fall asleep 2kg of fat mass. In real time, this equates to performing 40 hours of this walk route for a 2kg fat mass loss. This is not a realistic approach to weight loss, especially in an obese individual already struggling to take up exercise. Thus, other methods that equilibrate the walking health route must be considered for optimal weight loss.ConclusionIntroductionWith westernized lifest yles cosmos adopted in developing countries and a emergence obese population in the developed, obesity is now considered a worldwide epidemic. corpulency was officially recognised by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2013) as a non-communicable disease that requires an effective intervention if its rise is to be keep opened. Moreover, obesity is also the source of other non-communicable diseases that burden society, both economically and health-wise (WHO, 2000). Prospective Studies quislingism (2009) performed an analysis of numerous studies that discover the effect of BMI on the risk of mortality. Their findings showed that every 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI resulted in a 30% higher risk of mortality. Additionally, the study reason that while other anthropometric measures are useful, BMI alone is hygienic enough as a predictor of obesity. Despite the ontogeny uncertainty over using BMI as a valid indicator of obesity, there is no strong evidence yet encouraging the disuse of t his anthropometric measurement (Bouchard, 2007).The standard definition of obesity is a BMI of 30kg/m2 (Cole et al., 2000 James et al., 2001). If this epidemic rise remains unchanged, by 2025, more than 18% of men and 21% of women worldwide will officially be classified as obese (NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, 2016). NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (2016) further pop the questioned that lowering global BMI poem produces the largest health benefits. As recent research has indicated, the significant association amongst obesity and BMI is largely determined by adiposity. Malik, Willett and Hu (2013) stated that excessive adiposity is an beta risk factor in the development of non-communicable diseases. Lowering BMI by targeting adiposity is the most commonly used method of intervention and this is often achieved through each an increase in slide fastener economic consumption, reduction in energy intake or a combination of both.A cohort study performed by Padwal et al. (2016) observ ed residents in Canada above the age of 40 years from the first trial, where their anthropometric measurements were taken, up until deaths among the subjects were documented. This study found that the men in the highest body fat section quintile had the highest risk of mortality and that there was a direct association between body fat percentage and mortality a higher body fat percentage resulted in a higher risk of mortality. Moreover, Padwal and his fellow researchers think that adiposity levels higher than a healthy value reduces chances of survival.Obesity and a high BMI result in premature mortality mostly in due to the comorbidities that follow excess adiposity. A population-based cohort study by Reyes et al. (2016) found that being overweight or obese significantly increases the risk of hand, hip, and knee osteoarthritis and that these conditions increase in probability with increasing BMI. Both diabetes and hypertension are amplified in adult life by increases in BMI (Jame s et al., 2001). A systematic analysis for the spheric Burden of Disease Study by Feigin et al. (2016) reported that more than 90% of the global stroke burden is a result of modifiable risk factors such as a poor diet and physical inactivity. Feigins study concluded that regulating behavioural and metabolic risk factors such as physical activity and diet prevents more than three-quarters of the global stroke burden.Chan et al. (1994) studied the risk of casing II diabetes mellitus in men with obesity and high levels of adiposity. The study design recruited 51,529 U.S. men, all approximately 40 75 years of age in 1986, followed by a five-year follow-up on the same subjects. Non-communicable diseases such as diabetes have been long researched to understand its mechanisms. Various studies suggest that increased resistance to insulin and diminished grimace of the GLUT4 glucose transporter are found in both obese and diabetic populations (Yang et al., 2005). Chan concluded from the r esults of the study that there is a strong positive relationship between obesity measured by BMI and risk of diabetes. Despite analysing the relationship between diabetes and other antecedents such as early obesity, waist circumference and childhood weight gain, the results determined that BMI was the leading risk factor for lineament II diabetes mellitus. Nevertheless, weight loss has been suggested as one of the few modifiable factors for reversing the metabolic effects of obesity and diabetes (Bassuk and Manson, 2005).Many studies have shown associations between physical inactivity and all-cause mortality. Cardiorespiratory fitness is a key marker of aerobic capacity and often found to be the link between obesity, and mortality from cardiorespiratory diseases. Wei et al. (1999) studied the relationship between low cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in different weight socio-economic class populations wherein 25,714 adult men were examined in 1970, with a follow-up of morta lity rates in 1994. Low cardiorespiratory fitness was found to be a strong independent predictor of mortality in all BMI groups approximately 50% of the obese group had low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, increasing health risks to 39% for CVD mortality and 44% for all-cause mortality.The aim of this report is to analyse the role of exercise as a health change behaviour of an obese middle-aged man to prevent the risk of obesity-related diseases and minimise the likelihood of premature mortality.MethodsSubject A is a 50-year-old man with a logged height of 1.77m, with a body mass of 96kg and a body mass index of 30.3kg /m2.The health route designed for Subject A involved a 2.87 mile (m) walk at a speed of 1652 minutes per mile (min/m), which equates to 3.75 mph miles per hour (mph). The walk included a maximum ascend of 327ft and an average boob rate of 144 overcome per minute (bpm). The route involves Subject A to walk through a park and along an uphill footpath in a circle u ntil the subject reaches the park once again. Figures 1, 2, and 3 present the body mass index calculation, the walk route, the entropy from the walk route and elevation from the walk route.Heart rates were recorded at random throughout the walk a graphical representation of the recorded heart rates at 7 random intervalscan be seen in figure 4. The changing terrain can be seen through the varying heart rates despite the route being a steady-state, sub-maximal exercise. The results section and the appendix present the detailed calculations surrounding the data collected for the subject.Figure 1 BMI calculated and classified through the NHS websiteFigure 2 Health route dataFigure 2 2.81-mile health route overviewFigure 3 2.81-mile health route and further data calculated by MapMyWalk ResultsSubject As data regarding their body mass (kg), height (m), the average heart rate and the duration of the walk (in minutes) was analysed by MapMyWalk to calculate the total energy expenditure (in Kcal) of the health route. The energy expenditure (in Kcal) was converted to energy in kilojoules (kJ) before calculating the energy expenditure of the activity per minute (kJ/min-1). Table 1 shows the duration, number of repetitions, and energy expenditure requirements to ensure a loss of 2kg of fat mass using the walking health route. According to the data, one repetition of the walk will require Subject A to expend 1585.74 kJ/min-1. Additionally, to lose 2kg of fat mass, the walk must be repeated approximately 49 times.Subject AMean Heart set out (bpm)144 Percentage HR max84% fall energy expenditure for the health route walk as given by the app MapMyWalk (Kcal)379 slide fastener expenditure per minute (kJ/min-1)32.6Energy expenditure for total walk (kJ)1585.74 Time required to lose 2kg fat mass (hours)40 Time required to lose 2kg fat mass (minutes)2392.63Number of health routes required to lose 2kg fat mass49RPE12Table 1 Health route data (Refer to the appendix for the cal culations)Figure 4 Health route walk Randomised heart rate recordings at 7 intervalsSubject As average heart rate was 144 bpm, putting him within the fat burning zone, which is optimal for the desired outcome. This equates to 84% of the subjects maximum heart rate (170 bpm).DiscussionThe results from this intervention suggest that Subject A must repeat this health route walk approximately 49 times to lose 2kg of fat mass, this equates to completing 40 hours of this walk route to initiate a 2kg fat mass loss. While completing the health route walk once is an appropriate duration of physical activity, the time needed to produce a reduction in weight loss of 2kg, and therefore a reduction in BMI value, is unrealistic and impractical.Research surrounding physical activity suggests similar recommendations for tackling weight loss. McGuire et al. (1999) observed the behavioural techniques used by the U. S. adult population. The subjects were divided into three different categories weight -loss maintainers individuals who had intentionally lost 10% of their weight and maintained it for 1 year, weight-loss regainers individuals who intentionally lost 10% of their weight but had not maintained it and a control group of individuals who had never lost 10% of their maximum weight and had maintained their current weight (10 pounds) within the past 5 years. The results of the study showed that the weight-loss maintainer group consistently upheld their initial weight loss over a period of 7 years. In regards to their intervention, the weight-loss maintainer group incorporated a larger variety of techniques to regulate and self-monitor their lifestyle. The study concluded that adherence to a controlled dietary intake and increased physical activity contributed to weight loss and its maintenance.Appendix Calculation of health route dataTotal energy expenditure for the health route walk as given by the app MapMyWalk = 379 KcalTotal energy expenditure converted to kJ = 1585.74 kJRate of energy expenditure= 1585.74 kJ 48.5333 minutes (OR 48 min 32 seconds)= 32.6 kJ min-11kg of fat contains 39,000kJ (McArdle et al.,1996), thus 2kg of fat = 78000 kJTo find out the number of repetitions needed of the health route walkEnergy in 2kg of fat Total energy from the health route walk78000 kJ 1585.74 kJ = 49.18839154Thus, approximately 49 repetitions.To find out the total time taken for a 2kg fat loss using the health route walkEnergy in 2kg of fat Total rate of energy expenditure of health route walk78000 kJ 32.6 kJ min-1 = 2392.638037 minutes (OR 39.8773006166667 hours OR 39 hours, 52 minutes, 38 seconds)Thus, when rounded up approximately 40 hours.Average HR from 7 randomised points speed of light 3 min, 140 8 min, 133 11 min, 143 27 min, 159 33 min, 165 36 min, 170 40 min= 1010 7= 144.2 or 144 metronome markingPercentage of HR max attained during the health route walk= 220 50 years= 170 BPM= (144 BPM (average heart rate during health route walk) 1 70 BPM) * 100= 84%Word Count2,500 excluding abstract and reference listReferencesBassuk, S.S. and Manson, J.E., 2005. Epidemiological evidence for the role of physical activity in reducing risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Journal of applied physiology, 99(3), pp.1193-1204.Bouchard, C., 2007. BMI, fat mass, abdominal adiposity and visceral fat where is thebeef?. International journal of obesity, 31(10), p.1552.Chan, J.M., Rimm, E.B., Colditz, G.A., Stampfer, M.J. and Willett, W.C., 1994. Obesity, fat distribution, and weight gain as risk factors for clinical diabetes in men. Diabetes care, 17(9), pp.961-969.Cole, T.J., Bellizzi, M.C., Flegal, K.M. and Dietz, W.H., 2000. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide international survey. Bmj, 320(7244), p.1240.Feigin, V.L., Roth, G.A., Naghavi, M., Parmar, P., Krishnamurthi, R., Chugh, S., Mensah, G.A., Norrving, B., Shiue, I., Ng, M. and Estep, K., 2016. Global burden of stroke and r isk factors in 188 countries, during 1990-2013 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet Neurology, 15(9), pp.913-924.James, P.T., Leach, R., Kalamara, E. and Shayeghi, M., 2001. The worldwide obesity epidemic. Obesity research, 9(S11), pp.228S-233S.Malik, V.S., Willett, W.C. and Hu, F.B., 2013. Global obesity trends, risk factors and policy implications. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 9(1), pp.13-27.McArdle et al. (1996) Exercise physiology Energy, nutrition and human performance (4th ed.) Pub. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins pp. 774.McGuire, M.T., Wing, R.R., Klem, M.L. and Hillf, J.O., 1999. Behavioral strategies of individuals who have maintained longterm weight losses. Obesity, 7(4), pp.334-341.NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, 2016. Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014 a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19 2 million participants. The Lancet, 387(10026), pp.1377-1396.Padwal, R., Lesli e, W.D., Lix, L.M. and Majumdar, S.R., 2016. human relationship Among personate Fat Percentage, Body Mass Index, and All-Cause MortalityA Cohort StudyRelationship Among Body Fat Percentage, Body Mass Index, and Mortality. Annals of internal medicine, 164(8), pp.532-541.Prospective Studies Collaboration, 2009. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. The Lancet, 373(9669), pp.1083-1096.Reyes, C., Leyland, K.M., Peat, G., Cooper, C., Arden, N.K. and PrietoAlhambra, D., 2016. Association Between Overweight and Obesity and Risk of Clinically Diagnosed Knee, Hip, and Hand Osteoarthritis A PopulationBased Cohort Study. Arthritis Rheumatology, 68(8), pp.1869-1875.Wei, M., Kampert, J.B., Barlow, C.E., Nichaman, M.Z., Gibbons, L.W., Paffenbarger Jr, R.S. and Blair, S.N., 1999. Relationship between low cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in normal-weight, overweight, and obese men. Jama, 282(16), pp.1547-1553.World Health Organization, 2013. Global action plan for the prevention and control of nonhereditary diseases 2013-2020.World Health Organization, 2000. Obesity preventing and managing the global epidemic (No. 894). World Health Organization.Yang, Q., Graham, T.E., Mody, N. and Preitner, F., 2005. Serum retinol binding protein 4 contributes to insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nature, 436(7049), p.356.